Potable Water Accessibility in the Slums of Douala IV Municipality, Cameroon

The proliferation of slums in sub-Saharan Africa validates the need for renewed interest on access to basic services–potable water in this case. In the context of Bonaberi Douala, recent evidence on potable water accessibility is lacking, amidst rising population growth. To close this knowledge gap, this paper draws from a sample of 1115 households in 8 neighborhoods of Bonaberi to: (1) assess potable water accessibility and (2) examine the regularity of water flow. The results revealed that only 51.3% of slum dwellers have pipe water connections, while 33.4% rely on public standpipes. Furthermore, 28.4% make use of boreholes, while 46% use rainwater. About 12.5% of the population cover a distance of more than 200 m to fetch water. The pattern of water flow in several neighbourhoods is irregular; this precipitates the spread of waterborne diseases. The paper recommends that a control committee should be set aside to check water quality and reduce the spread of water-related diseases. The government and other local stakeholders should promote community water projects that can supply potable water in these slums.

Research of condensation induced water hammer under filling a horizontal pipe with subcooled water

Experiments at the KGU test facility, devoted to condensation induced water hammers (CIWH) were analysed with the WAHA code. Test section of the KGU test facility is slightly inclined horizontal pipe of 3 m length and of 64 mm inner diameter. Subcooled water was supplied to the pipe inlet, pipe outlet was connected to separator vessel. Upper part of separator vessel was connected to steam source. Experiments were performed for different system pressure, different water subcooling and different mass flow rate of water supply. The performed experimental study of CIWH showed that in the investigated range of parameters, the development of CIWH occurs in different ways. At the stage of water propagation along the filled with steam horizontal pipe, water hammer was not observed. At the stage of free drainage of water from the outlet end of the pipe, water hammer was realized only when the water was sufficiently subcooled. At the stage of the water level rise in the horizontal pipe, water hammer occurred in all tests. At the last stage of filling the upper part in the separation vessel, there were small water hammers due to the collapses of the remaining steam bubbles. Numerical modelling of these experiments with the WAHA code revealed the shortcomings of the interphase heat transfer model developed for this code, which have a noticeable effect on the numerical solution.

IMPACT OF FLOOD ON WATER QUALITY: A CASE STUDY IN A FLOOD-PRONE AREA OF THUA THIEN HUE PROVINCE

People living in flood-prone areas are vulnerable to damages caused by annual floods, including changes in water quality. Seasonal flooding alters water quality in many aspects by introducing silt, nutrients, organic compounds, and sometimes bacteria. In this study, 50 household interviews in Quang Thanh commune - Quang Dien district, the flood-prone area in Thua Thien Hue province, were conducted to identify the flood characteristics. A total of 36 water samples, including surface- and pipe water, were collected and analyzed the basic parameters in December 2019 and June 2020 to preliminarily demonstrate the main impacts of the flood on water quality. In general, in some aspects, flood helped reduce the organic contaminants (based on DO, BOD, and COD values assessment) and salinity, and somehow increase the total coliform and E.coli at most of the sampling stations. Unpredictable weather and hydropower plant from upstream were believed to be the main causes of flood volume reduction in recent years, which also contributed to changes in water quality.

Access to Pipe-Born Water Evaluation in Akwanga Local Government Area of Nasarawa State, Nigeria

Water is an essential element of the natural resource of the earth that sustains all living creatures on the planet, it`s fundamental importance can never be overemphasized. This study evaluates access to pipe-born water in Akwanga Local Government Area, Nasarawa State. The study identifies the sources of household water supply and identifies the presence of pipelines facilities in each household, to determine if the quantity of pipe water supply meets demands, also assesses the effects of the quantity of water supply on the socioeconomic activity of householders. This study adopted a survey research design. A total of 300 questionnaires were administered to households. A purposive sampling technique was employed to select the respondents. Five wards were selected within the study area, while 60 copies of questionnaires were distributed in each of the selected wards. Data were analyzed and presented using a descriptive form of statistics. The study revealed that most of the pipelines meant for the supply of water were old and inefficient. Therefore, no significant coverage (60%) of pipeline facilities in the study area. Pipe-borne water supply in the study area is not sufficient to meet the demands of the residents due to irregularity in the flow of water; 4.2% of these taps run every day, 8.8% of these taps run once a week, 11.7% of these taps run once in 3 days, 18.4% of these taps run once a year, 22.2% of these run once a month, while 37.7% water used for cooking, washing, drinking and sanitary purposes were mostly sourced from alternative sources that are energy and time consuming and costly to obtain. The average water consumed per person per day in the study area was 37.76 litres which are below the minimum absolute daily water needed 50 litres per person per day as stated by UNDP. Consequently, pipe-borne water supply in the study area does not have any significant impact on the socio-economic activities of residents as people still spent the better part of their time sourcing for water. This study, therefore, recommends that there should be constant monitoring of population growth rate and repairs of damaged pipes and taps in the study area.

Numerical Simulation of Thermal Field in Mass Concrete With Pipe Water Cooling

Water pipe cooling is mainly used to control temperature in the construction of mass concrete structures. It is important to reveal how to accurately stimulate the temperature field of mass concrete under action of this water pipe cooling. This paper presents a new method for this purpose. In this method, the contact surface of the water pipe and the concrete is used as the heat dissipation surface into the control equation and the composite Multiquadrics radial basis function (MQ-RBF) and low-order linear polynomial combination are used to discrete the spatial domain. The heat dissipation surface of the water pipe is included in the boundary conditions so that there is no need to build the refined water pipe modeling. This new method not only reduces the calculation cost but also ensures calculation accuracy. Through four calculation examples, this paper show that the algorithm has advantages in the numerical simulation of the concrete temperature field with water pipe cooling.

OPTIMIZATION OF HEAT SUPPLY AND WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS FOR REMOTE RURAL REGIONS

The problems of providing various types of energy to remote isolated settlements, territorial and climatic features consideration are reviewed, a three – pipe water supply system, a technology working on solid fuel for heat and electricity supply adapted to the conditions of a particular village are proposed. The use of the proposed methods of supply will reduce the cost of electricity, heat, water and gaseous fuel. Which will be quite acceptable for families with medium and small incomes. The described technology for producing gas with an acceptable calorific value is based on partial heat treatment of coal. The presence of gaseous fuel allows you to transfer cooking to the supply of fuel from a single.

Flow-Induced Vibration Screening of a Thermoplastic Composite Pipe Water Injection Jumper

An active subsea field in the Gulf of Mexico has adopted a thermoplastic composite pipe (TCP) water injection jumper for its waterflood upgrade. The jumper assembly is composed of a TCP span attached to steel piping on either end. The TCP spool is lightweight and flexible relative to the traditional steel-only M-shaped subsea jumpers. As such, the flow-induced vibration (FIV) threat from internal fluid flow must be assessed for the intended service. A three-tiered approach is used to assess the level of FIV threat expected in this TCP subsea jumper application. A high-level screening based on widely used industry guidelines indicates a susceptibility to FIV fatigue failure for the steel piping in the TCP jumper assembly. A comprehensive screening based on structural finite element analysis and computational fluid dynamics shows that the vibration levels and stress cycling due to FIV will be acceptable for the intended water injection application and a 30-year design life, when adopting a factor of safety of 10 for subsea service. We evaluate the effect of doubling the length of the steel piping on either end of the TCP span, as a means to increase the overall span of the TCP jumper assembly. Lastly, we draw a comparison between a traditional all-steel M-shaped jumper and the TCP jumper in terms of FIV fatigue life, for the same operating conditions and the same total suspended span.

Prevalence of Cryptosporidiosis among Children with Diarrhoea Under Five years Admitted to Kosti Teaching Hospital, Kosti City, Sudan.

Background: Cryptosporidiosis is a disease caused by infection with an intestinal coccidian parasite Cryptosporidium. Cryptosporidium species are the second leading cause of diarrheal disease and death in children in developing countries. Until now, no data have been available or published on its prevalence rate among children with diarrhoea in Sudan. This paper was therefore, designed to determine the prevalence rate of Cryptosporidium among diarrhoeic children under 5 years admitted to Kosti Teaching Hospital. Methods: A hospital-based cross-sectional study including children with ages under 5 years old admitted to the paediatric section of the hospital between September 2020 and December 2020. A total of one-hundred and fifty stool samples were collected. All stool samples were examined using the modified Ziehl Neelsen (ZN) staining technique, and examined microscopically for Cryptosporidium infection. Results: A total of 150 children were examined out of which 70 presented with diarrhoea. A greater prevalence of 19/70 (27.1%) of Cryptosporidium was observed in children with diarrhoea than children without diarrhoea 7/80 (8.8%). There was a significant relationship between the prevalence of Cryptosporidium and the presence of diarrhoea in children under 5 years in Kosti Teaching Hospital(P<0.05). It was found that a higher prevalence was registered among children using pipe water for drinking.Conclusions: The overall prevalence of parasite detected was 17.3% among children admitted to Kosti Teaching Hospital. The prevalence rate of the infection among Children with diarrhoea was 27.1%. Studying the prevalence rate of cryptosporidiosis among diarrheic children may predict their health status, leading to a better diagnosis, treatment, and therefore, patients' status improvement.

Characterization of V. cholerae O1 biotype El Tor serotype Ogawa possessing the ctxB gene of the classical biotype isolated from well water associated with the cholera outbreak in Kerala, South India

We investigated 22 water samples (17 well water and five pipe water – both chlorinated) and six soil samples from the surroundings of wells of the households of suspected patients from Palakkad district, Kerala (India), from where a cholera outbreak was reported during June–July 2016. A total of 25 Vibrio cholerae isolates were collected from three well water samples during a recent cholera outbreak. Biochemical and serological studies revealed that all of the isolates belonged to serogroup O1, biotype El Tor, serotype Ogawa. PCR assays confirmed the occurrence of ctxB, ctxA, hlyA, tcpA El Tor,VPI, ace, zot, ompW, rfbO1 and toxR genes in all isolates. The presence of the ctxB gene of the classical biotype in all of the El Tor isolates suggests that it is a new variant of El Tor biotype. Antibiogram profile of all V. cholerae O1 isolates revealed resistance towards five classes of antibiotics island and indicates that they were multidrug resistant. ERIC-PCR and PFGE finger prints showed the clonal relationship among the V. cholerae O1 isolates. The results of this study revealed the emergence of a new variant of El Tor biotype in the water samples from Palakkad district, from where a cholera outbreak was reported.