Radon concentration measurement and effective dose assessment in different brands of commercial bottled water produced in China

Abstract Radon and its progeny often exist in daily drinking water, and may pose a potential health threat to the public. In this study, the radon concentrations of 15 different brands of bottled drinking water and their radiological hazards were measured and evaluated. The results indicate that the concentration range of radon in water is 13.3 ± 4.7 to 300.0 ± 21.6 mBq/L, and is lower than the limit level (11.11 Bq/L). The results compared with radon concentrations from other countries or regions show that the radon concentrations in this study are almost within the range of those of all the others. The average annual effective dose for infants, children and adults in the three age-groups is 0.657, 0.535 and 0.665 μSv/y respectively, which is lower than the recommended level of 0.1 mSv/y. The results also show that the bottled water does not pose a major health hazard to the public. Moreover, combined with statistical analysis, it is concluded that the concentration of total dissolved solids (TDS) and Ca2+ in bottled mineral water has a strong correlation with the radon concentration in the water.

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Alpha Spectrometry of Radon Short-Lived Progeny in Drinking Water and Assessment of the Public Effective Dose: Results from the Cilento Area, Province of Salerno, Southern Italy

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma13245840 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (24) ◽

pp. 5840

Author(s):

Enver Faella ◽

Simona Mancini ◽

Michele Guida ◽

Albina Cuomo ◽

Domenico Guida

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Effective Dose ◽

Health Hazard ◽

Age Groups ◽

Internal Exposure ◽

Threshold Values ◽

Campania Region ◽

Radon Activity ◽

National Regulation ◽

South Italy

Radon is a naturally occurring radioactive gas present in the hydrosphere, lithosphere and atmosphere abundantly. Its ionizing radiation provides the largest human internal exposure by inhalation and ingestion to natural sources, constituting a serious health hazard. The contribution to total exposure is mainly due to inhalation, as ingestion by food or drinking water is typically very small. However, because of public health concerns, the contributions from all these sources are limited by regulations and remedial action should be taken in the event that the defined threshold values are overcome. In this paper, the first campaign of measurements to control the radon activity concentration in drinking water from public water supplies in the province of Salerno, south Italy, is described. The results represent a main reference for the area, as it was never investigated before. The purpose of this survey was to contribute to data compilation concerning the presence of radon-222 in groundwater in the Campania region and to determine the associated risk for different age groups. The maximum radon activity concentrations and the related total annual public effective dose turned out to be lower than the threshold values (100 Bq/l and 0.1 mSv/y, respectively) indicated by international guidelines and the national regulation, showing that the health risks for public consumption can be considered negligible.

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Pseudomonas aeruginosa in bottled drinking water in Sri Lanka: a potential health hazard

Water Science & Technology Water Supply ◽

10.2166/ws.2014.057 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 14 (6) ◽

pp. 1045-1050

Author(s):

A. T. Herath ◽

C. L. Abayasekara ◽

Rohana Chandrajith ◽

N. K. B. Adikaram

Keyword(s):

Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽

Drinking Water ◽

Sri Lanka ◽

Dna Sequencing ◽

Membrane Filtration ◽

Health Hazard ◽

Opportunistic Pathogen ◽

Bottled Water ◽

Potential Health ◽

Bottled Drinking Water

Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a food- and water-borne opportunistic pathogen, constitutes a health risk mostly to immunocompromised patients, and also affects the taste, odour and turbidity of potable water. In order to detect P. aeruginosa in bottled water in Sri Lanka, 36 bottled water brands were collected randomly from retail and supermarkets island wide. P. aeruginosa was detected by the membrane filtration technique, using cetrimide agar supplemented with nalidixic acid. The isolates were subjected to confirmatory tests, viz: ISO 16266:2006 methods and growth at 4 and 42°C, and API 20NE followed by DNA sequencing. Presumptive isolates of P. aeruginosa were observed on cetrimide agar in 50% of brands. Among these isolates, ISO procedures confirmed 58% as P. aeruginosa. Thirty-nine randomly selected isolates were identified as P. aeruginosa by the API 20NE, three of which were further confirmed by DNA sequencing. The presence of P. aeruginosa in bottled water raises health concerns since P. aeruginosa is an indicator of inferior water quality. Therefore, strict regulations and regular monitoring of bottling plants are recommended in order to supply safe and acceptable bottled drinking water to the Sri Lankan market.

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Radon concentration in drinking water in villages nearby Rafsanjan fault and evaluation the annual effective dose

Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry ◽

10.1007/s10967-014-3345-1 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 302 (3) ◽

pp. 1167-1176 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Mohammad Malakootian ◽

Zahra Khashi ◽

Farnaz Iranmanesh ◽

Mojtaba Rahimi

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Effective Dose ◽

Radon Concentration ◽

Annual Effective Dose

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Radon-222 from different sources of water and the assessment of health hazard

Journal of Water and Health ◽

10.2166/wh.2016.073 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 15 (1) ◽

pp. 97-102 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Janet A. Ademola ◽

Oluwaferanmi R. Ojeniran

Keyword(s):

Annual Effective Dose ◽

Health Hazard ◽

Health Effect ◽

Age Groups ◽

Adult Child ◽

Threshold Value ◽

The Mean ◽

Different Sources ◽

Radon In Water ◽

Radon Concentrations

Water samples collected from different sources were analysed for radon concentrations in order to evaluate the health effect associated with radon in water. The radon concentrations were in the range of 3.56–98.57, 0.88–25.49, 0.73–1.35 and 0.24–1.03 Bq.L−1 for borehole, well, packaged and utility water, respectively. Samples from boreholes had the highest radon concentrations with about 67% being higher than the threshold value of 11.1 Bq.L−1 recommended by the USEPA. The mean annual effective dose (AED) due to ingestion for adult, child and infant ranged from 8.71 × 10−3 to 0.831 mSv.y−1 for the different sources. The mean AED calculated for consuming water from boreholes and wells for the three age groups were higher than the recommended reference dose level of 0.1 mSv.y−1. The mean AED due to inhalation of radon in drinking water was negligible, ranging from 0.13 to 6.20 μSv.y−1. The health burden associated with radon in water in the study is through ingestion of water directly from boreholes.

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The Alpha Particle Doses Received by Students and Staff in Twenty Schools in the North of Hebron Region - Palestine

Jordan Journal of Physics ◽

10.47011/14.4.4 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (4) ◽

pp. 309-316

Keyword(s):

Effective Dose ◽

Radon Concentration ◽

Annual Effective Dose ◽

Indoor Radon ◽

Alpha Particles ◽

Indoor Radon Concentration ◽

The North ◽

Cr 39 Detectors ◽

Average Effective Dose ◽

Radon Concentrations

Abstract: The aim of the current study was to measure indoor radon concentration levels and its resulting doses received by the students and staff in schools of the directorate of education in the north of Hebron region- Palestine, during the summer months from June to September (2018), using CR-39 detectors. In this study, a total of 567 CR-39-based radon detectors were installed in the selected schools. The average radon concentrations were found to be 90.0, 66.5 and 58.0 Bqm-3 in Halhul, Beit Umar and Alarrub camp schools, respectively. Based on the measured indoor radon data, the overall average effective dose for the studied area was found to be 0.31 mSvy-1. Reported values for radon concentrations and corresponding doses are lower than ICRP recommended limits for workplaces. The results show no significant radiological risk for the pupils and staff in the schools under investigation. Consequently, the health hazards related to radiation are expected to be negligible. Keywords: Radon concentration, Alpha particles, Annual effective dose, Schools. PACs: 29.40.−n.

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