Effects of Water Quality on Microporous Filter Methods for Enteric Virus Concentration

1985 ◽  
Vol 17 (4-5) ◽  
pp. 665-679 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. D. Sobsey ◽  
T. Cromeans ◽  
A. R. Hickey ◽  
J. S. Glass
Keyword(s):  
Fulvic Acid ◽  
Bentonite Clay ◽  
Enteric Virus ◽  
Fulvic Acids ◽  
Virus Concentration ◽  
Humic And Fulvic Acids ◽  
Virus Adsorption ◽  
Filter Methods ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Virus Recovery

Model enteric viruses were concentrated from seeded samples of raw, finished and granular activated carbon (GAC)-treated waters and from GAC-treated waters supplemented with humic or fulvic acid or bentonite clay particles by adsorption to electropositive (Virosorb 1MDS) filters at pH 7.5 or electronegative (Filterite) filters at pH 3.5 with and without 5 mM added MgCl2, followed by elution with 0.3% beef extract in 50 mM glycine at pH 9.5. Natural particulates in raw and finished waters had little effect on virus concentration efficiencies. Soluble organic compounds reduced virus adsorption efficiencies from both raw and finished waters compared to GAC-treated water, but the extent of interference varied with virus type and adsorption conditions. Humic and fulvic acids caused appreciable reductions in poliovirus adsorption and recovery efficiencies with both types of filters. Fulvic acid caused greater reductions in virus recovery with Virosorb 1MDS filters than with Filterite filters. Fulvic acid interference with virus recovery by Filterite filters was overcome by the presence of 5 mM MgCl2. Although humic acid reduced virus recoveries by both types of filters, its greatest effect was on virus elution and recovery from Filterite filters. Bentonite clay enhanced poliovirus retention by both filter types as much as 8-fold. However, the presence of clay often interfered with elution of retained viruses from both filter types. Under some conditions, overall virus recoveries were considerably lower from water with clay than from clay-free control water. The results of this study suggest that high concentrations of soluble organic matter such as humic and fulvic acids and suspended solids such as bentonite clay may interfere somewhat with virus recovery by filter adsorption-elution methods.

scholarly journals Development of methods for the separation and characterization of natural organic matter in dam water

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Pinkie Sobantu
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Humic Acid ◽  
Fulvic Acid ◽  
Humic Substances ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Fulvic Acids ◽  
Hydroxyl Groups ◽  
Humic And Fulvic Acids ◽  
Vaal Dam

This project arose out the need for a simple method to analyse NOM on a routine basis. Water samples were obtained from the Vaal dam, which is one of the dams used by a hydroelectric power station. Analysis was preceded by separation of NOM into the humic and non-humic portions. The humic portion was separated into two fractions by employing a non-ionic resin (DAX-8) to separate humic acid from fulvic acid. High performance size exclusion chromatography (HPSEC), equipped with an Ultraviolet( UV) detector and an Evaporative Light Scattering (ELS) detector connected in series, was used to obtain molecular weight distribution information and the concentration levels of the two acids. Mixed standards of polyethylene oxide/glycol were employed to calibrate the selected column. Suwanee River humic acid standard was used as a certified reference material. The molecular weight distributions (MWDs) of the isolated fractions of humic and fulvic acids were determined with ELSD detection as weight-average (Mw), number-average (Mn) and polydispersity (ρ) of individual NOM fractions. The Mw/Mn ratio was found to be less than 1.5 in all the fractions, indicating that they have a low and narrow size fraction. An increase in Mn and Mw values, with increasing wavelength for all three humic substances (HS) examined was observed. The HS, isolated from the dam water, was found to be about the same molecular weight as the International Humic Acid Standard (IIHSS). For the fulvic acid standard, the molecular weight was estimated to be around 7500 Da. Characterization of NOM was done to assist in the identification of the species present in the water. FTIR-ATR was used to as a characterization tool to identify the functional groups in the structure of the humic and fulvic acid respectively present in the Vaal Dam. Analysis of the infrared (IR) spectra indicated that the humic acids of the Vaal dam have phenolic hydroxyl groups, hydroxyl groups, conjugated double bond of aromatic family (C=C), and free carboxyl groups. The isolation method has proved to be applicable and reliable for dam water samples and showed to successfully separate the humic substances from water and further separate the humic substances into its hydrophobic acids, namely, humic and fulvic acids. It can be concluded that the Eskom Vaal dam composes of humic substance which shows that the technique alone gives a very good indication of the characteristics of water. The HPSEC method used, equipped with UV and ELSD was able to identify the molecular weight range of NOM present in source water as it confirmed that the Eskom Vaal dam contains humic substances as humic acid and fulvic acid and these pose a health concern as they can form disinfectant byproducts in the course of water treatment with chemicals. FTIR characterization was successful as important functional groups were clearly assigned. Lastly, the use of the TOC and DOC values to calculate SUVA was also a good tool to indicate the organic content in water. It is recommended to use larger amounts of water must be processed to obtain useful quantities of the humic and fulvic acid fractions.

Acquisition and Interpretation of Liquid-state 1H NMR Spectra of Humic and Fulvic Acids

1997 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jerry A. Leenheer ◽  
T. I. Noyes
Keyword(s):  
Humic Substances ◽  
1H Nmr ◽  
Liquid State ◽  
Nmr Spectra ◽  
Fulvic Acids ◽  
1H Nmr Spectra ◽  
Humic And Fulvic Acids ◽  
Nmr Spectrometry ◽  
Pure Compounds ◽  
High Concentrations

Fourier Transform nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrometers have become available to many researchers studying humic substances over the last decade. As a result, liquid-state proton (1H) NMR spectrometry has been commonly used to determine the nonexchangeable proton distribution in humic and fulvic acids. The high sensitivity of the 1H nucleus to NMR spectrometry allows spectra to be obtained on a relatively small quantity of sample (10-100 mg) in a short time (10-30 min). 1H NMR spectrometric profiles of humic substances are useful to environmental scientists in determining the source, properties, and degree of transformation (humification) of organic matter that is operationally classified as humic substances. These 1H NMR spectrometric profiles, which provide information about hydrogen distributions in humic substances, are more useful for structural and biogeochemical studies when combined with 13C NMR spectra, which provide information on carbon distributions, and infrared spectra, which provide information on oxygen distributions. These three spectra, in conjunction with elemental composition, molecular weight, and titrimetric data, can then be synthesized to provide average structural characteristics that can be related to source, properties, and degree of humification of the organic material being studied. Special challenges, that are not met when obtaining the spectra of pure compounds, are encountered in obtaining 'H NMR spectra of natural humic substances. These challenges include (1) lack of complete dissolution of macromolecular humic substances at the high concentrations required for NMR studies; (2) significant concentrations of exchangeable protons giving broad peaks that obscure portions of the spectrum; (3) broad peaks of non-exchangeable protons over the entire spectrum that cause difficulties in correct phasing; (4) unstable structures that oxidize, hydrolyze, and structurally rearrange at the high pH conditions under which humic substances are the most soluble; and (5) the presence of unusual structures that complicate straightforward assignment of structure from handbook data. The purposes of this chapter are to describe methods of sample preparation and to provide generally applicable structural assignments whereby 1H NMR spectra suitable for quantitative studies of humic substance structure may be obtained and interpreted.

Uranium(VI) complexation with citric, humic and fulvic acids

2000 ◽  
Vol 88 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
J.J. Lenhart ◽  
S.E. Cabaniss ◽  
P. MacCarthy ◽  
Bruce D. Honeyman
Keyword(s):  
Humic Acid ◽  
Fulvic Acid ◽  
Ph Dependence ◽  
Fulvic Acids ◽  
Humic And Fulvic Acids ◽  
Binding Model ◽  
High Affinity ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Mononuclear Complexes ◽  
Large Size

The binding of uranium(VI) by Suwannee River humic and fulvic acids was studied at pH values of 4.0 and 5.0 in 0.10 M NaClOBoth humic and fulvic acids were demonstrated to strongly bind U(VI), with humic acid forming slightly stronger complexes and exhibiting greater pH dependence. Analyses of the data for the humic and fulvic acid systems using the Schubert´s equation previously applied to the citrate system result in an apparent nonintegral number of ligands binding the uranyl ion. Schubert´s method is only appropriate for interpreting mononuclear complexes with integral moles of binding ligands. Thus, a more elaborate binding model was required and the data were interpreted assuming either: (1) a mixture of 1:1 and 1:2 uranyl-ligand complexes or (2) a limited number of high affinity sites forming a 1:1 complex. While both of these modeling approaches are shown to provide excellent fits to the data, the second is deemed more appropriate given the large size of humic and fulvic acid molecules as well as previous results obtained with other metal cations, such as Cu(II).

scholarly journals Isolation of bioactive substance from pure mumie

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 33-35
Author(s):  
T Enkh-Oyun ◽  
Ts Tsatsralt ◽  
J Bayarmaa
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activity ◽  
Humic Acid ◽  
Fulvic Acid ◽  
Fulvic Acids ◽  
Medical Applications ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Humic And Fulvic Acids ◽  
Highly Active ◽  
Agricultural Sciences ◽  
Bioactive Substance

Mumie contains humid and fulvic acids. For this study, pure mumie was fractionated into fulvic acid (FA) and humic acid (HA) fractions. Humic and Fulvic Acids are highly active bioregulators, and also they contain both macro- and micro-nutrients needed by human and animal bodies. Mumie is stone like material found in Mongolia at higher altitude, which has various medical applications in Mongolia and other Asian countries [2,3]. In the present study, the biological activity of mumie and its fractions was measured. Fractions were prepared according to the protocol described by I. A. Scheretkin and A.I. Khlebnikov. Both humic and fulvic acids can be obtained with the yields of 5.3% and 18.6 % respectively DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5564/mjas.v11i2.213 Mongolian Journal of Agricultural Sciences Vol.11(2) 2013 pp.33-35

NITROGEN DISTRIBUTION IN ILLUVIAL ORGANIC MATTER

1967 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 111-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. J. Sowden ◽  
M. Schnitzer
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Fulvic Acid ◽  
Fulvic Acids ◽  
Organic N ◽  
Insoluble Residue ◽  
Amino Sugars ◽  
Humic And Fulvic Acids ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Soil Amino Acids

Organic matter (O.M.) was extracted with 0.5 N NaOH under N2, from samples of the Bh horizon of a Podzol soil. The NaOH-soluble O.M. from one sample was partitioned into "classical" humic and fulvic acids. The O.M. extracted from other samples was passed over an H-resin and purified fulvic acid" was prepared from the eluate. The O.M. retained on the resin was eluted with base. After hydrolysis a sample of the original soil the NaOH-insoluble residue and the various O.M. preparations were analyzed for amino acids, amino sugars and ammonia.Eighty percent of the amino acids in the original soil were accounted for in the NaOH-insoluble residue plus the purified fulvic acid and the NH4OH eluate. Most of the soil amino acids were recovered in the NaOH-insoluble residue plus classical humic plus classical fulvic acid fractions. Qualitatively, the amino acid distribution in all fractions was similar to the distribution or amino acids in an "average" protein. Amounts of amino sugars were small consisting of two-thirds glucosamine and one-third galactosamine. Recoveries of amino sugars were low, possibly due to the effect of alkali.Slightly more than 50% of the soil-N was accounted for as amino acids plus NH3 plus amino sugars. The behavior of the fraction on the exchange resin suggested that the organic C- organic N-system extracted from the soil was not uniform, and that at least portions of the ammo acids and amino sugars were either adsorbed on or physically mixed with organic matter.

PERMANGANATE OXIDATION OF HUMIC ACIDS, FULVIC ACIDS, AND HUMINS EXTRACTED FROM Ah HORIZONS OF A BLACK CHERNOZEM, A BLACK SOLOD, AND A BLACK SOLONETZ SOIL

1972 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. U. KHAN ◽  
M. SCHNITZER
Keyword(s):  
Fulvic Acid ◽  
Carboxylic Acids ◽  
Humic Acids ◽  
Fulvic Acids ◽  
Oxidation Products ◽  
Humic And Fulvic Acids ◽  
Chemical Structures ◽  
Aliphatic Carboxylic Acids ◽  
Different Soils ◽  
Solonetz Soil

Humic acid, fulvic acid, and humin fractions extracted from a Black Chernozem, a Black Solod, and a Black Solonetz soil were methylated with diazomethane and oxidized with permanganate solution. The oxidation products were extracted into ethyl acetate, separated by preparative gas chromatography, and identified by comparing their mass and micro-IR spectra with those of authentic specimens. Total yields of oxidation products followed the order humic acids > humins > fulvic acids. The products resulting from the oxidation of humic and fulvic acids averaged 63% benzenecarboxylic, 32% phenolic, and 5% aliphatic carboxylic acids. The oxidation products from humins averaged 76% benzenecarboxylic but only 20% phenolic and 4% aliphatic carboxylic acids, indicating some differences in the chemical structure of humins from those of humic and fulvic acids. The most prominent compounds produced by the oxidation of the humic acids were hydroxy benzenepentacarboxylic and benzenetetracarboxylic acids. In general, differences in the distribution of the major oxidation products between the three major fractions were greater than those within individual humic fractions. Thus, the chemical structures of humic acids extracted from three different soils appeared to be more similar to each other than to those of fulvic acid and humin fractions from the same soil. The same was true for fulvic acids and humins extracted from the different soils. Between 79 and 95% of the oxidation products were identified. The oxidation products may have originated from (a) condensed lignin structures, (b) complex structures of microbiological origin, and/or (c) polymeric structures consisting of benzenecarboxylic and phenolic acids held together by hydrogen-bonding.

scholarly journals Spiked Virus Level Needed To Correctly Assess Enteric Virus Recovery in Water Matrices

2019 ◽  
Vol 85 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiaozhi Li ◽  
Yuanyuan Qiu ◽  
Xiao L. Pang ◽  
Nicholas J. Ashbolt
Keyword(s):  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Approximation Error ◽  
Enteric Virus ◽  
Virus Concentration ◽  
Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment ◽  
Recovery Efficiency ◽  
General Applicability ◽  
Microbial Risk Assessment ◽  
Log Reduction ◽  
Virus Recovery

ABSTRACT Quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) identifies human enteric viruses in municipal wastewater as the pathogen group requiring the highest log reductions for various reuse applications. However, the performance of methods for estimating virus concentration is not well understood, and without performance assessment, actual risks are likely severely underestimated. To evaluate the efficiency of virus recovery from water, a water sample is often spiked with “known” amounts of virus, and the virus is then recovered after a series of analytical procedures. Yet for water matrices such as wastewater, due to the unknown background concentrations of targeted viruses in the matrix and the variable recovery efficiency between individual processes, only an approximation of the recovery efficiency may be obtained from such spike-and-recovery experiments. In this study, we demonstrated theoretically that for two widely used approximations, the error in estimating virus recovery should be less than the ratio of the amount of target virus in the background sample to that in the spike. Furthermore, we developed an applicable method, based on this new understanding, for deciding on the amount of virus for spiking before conducting a spike-and-recovery experiment, so that the approximation error is restricted to an acceptable level for each individual process. Finally, we applied the method to a set of experimental data for viruses in wastewater, demonstrating its utility and noting its general applicability to other pathogens or water matrices. IMPORTANCE The performance of procedures for pathogen log reduction is at the heart of new risk-based guidance/regulation globally, yet the methods for undertaking assessments of pathogen recovery are not standardized despite their fundamental impacts on assessing log reductions. Here we describe the level of spiking agent(s) that is necessary to correctly assess spiked pathogen/surrogate recovery with whatever method is deployed. The significance of our research lies in identifying the importance of the amount of spiking agents for reducing uncertainty in recovery estimates, which will allow the development of a recommendation for spiking experiments, proactively applying this understanding.

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