Studies of some genes of Bacillus subtilis MN99 local strains against plant diseases

The objective of this study was the isolation and characterization of Bacillus subtilis local strains from the soil in Mongolia. These local strains of B. subtilis are showed to have high antagonistic activities against some plant pathogenic fungi and bacteria. Six strains of B. subtilis were isolated and characterized morphologically, physiologically and biochemically according the Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology. In order to identify species of the isolated strains, we amplified and sequenced 16S rRNA gene, essential funtinal genes bmyB, spoVG and srfAA, which are related to antagonistic activity of these strains. The sequences were aligned using CLASTALW multiple sequence alignment tool. Phylogenetic tree was drawn according to Maximum likelihood”method and “Tamura-Nei” model using “MEGA-X version 10.2.6 program. Among all isolates of B. subtilis MN99 and 7/24 strains had higher antagonist activity against plant diseases. According to partial sequence of srfAA (620bp) gene of MN99, the local strain belongs to B. subtilis and partial sequence of bmyB (370bp), spoVG (22bp) gene of MN7/24 strain showed that the it belongs to B. atrophaeus species. All local strains of B. subtilis had bacillomycin synthesis gene, and B. subtilis MN99 strain had only surfactine synthesis gene, while did not have spore formation and hemolysis gene SpoVG.

Comparative study of gut microbiota Mongolian and Asian people

Mongolia has the unique dietary habit having a great deal of animal products especially among rural resident.To capture the status of Mongolian gut microbiome, we characterized bacterial community of 98 healthy Mongolian adults and compared with that of adults in five Asian countries, including Korea, China, Japan, Thailand and Indonesia. Principal component analysis (PCA) was performed based on genus composition of each sample. As a result, three microbiome-type cluster, the so-called “enterotype”, driven by the three taxonomic groups, Prevotella (P-type), Bacteroides and Bifidobacterium (BB-type), and Ruminococcaceae (R-type), were observed. Most of Mongolian subjects harbored P-type, which is known to strongly depend on carbohydrate-based diets. Further, the metagenomic analysis indicated that Catenibacterium and Lactobacillus were enriched in Mongolian subjects which may be concerned with intake of animal-based and dairy products-based diets, respectively. These results suggest that gut microbiome status of Mongolian people associates with the traditional unique dietary habit.

Relationship between fiber diameter and performance of yak wool

This article demonstrates the thermal sensitivity and conductivity as well as the water permeability and absorptivity of Mongolian yak wool surfaces according to the Kawabata evaluation method. According to the results of the study, the mean value of thermal sensitivity (Qmax) of yak wool surface is 0.051 w/cm2 for down and 0.061 w/cm2 for coarse hair while the mean value of thermal conductivity is 2.08x10-4 (cal/cm ·0C) for down and 2.63x10-4(cal/cm · 0C) for coarse hair. This study, with its high level of confidence (p = 0.05), proves the difference between down and coarse hair. Additionally, the study shows a strong correlation between the thermal conductivity and the fiber diameter of Mongolian yak wool, resulting in a correlation level of r = -0.80 for down and r = 0.86 for coarse hair. When measuring the wettability of Mongolian yak wool, yak wool surface exhibited waterproof properties with a contact angle of 146.50 degrees for down hair and a contact angle of 147.10 degrees for coarse hair. The study also revealed a low correlation level of r = 0.39 for down and r = 0.40 for coarse hair when examining the relationship between the contact angle and the diameter of yak wool.

Research and development of designs of the equipment for classifying the materials with particles

There are studies showing that 10% of the total energy generated in the world is spent on crushing and sifting and sorting processes in agricultural and mining sectors. 52.7% of the total mining industries extracts metal ores, 36.3% of them extracts coal and agricultural sector plants wheat and crops on the 350 thousand hectares of land per year an average. It can be seen that there is a need for sorting the materials with particles in these sectors. According to the needs, the energy expenditure is high and the devices and equipment used still maintaining their traditional designs and makes. The process of sorting out the materials with particles is sifted by the flat surfaced, trommel shaped, and cylindrical mesh surfaces positioned in vertical axis. The above methods are still in use, which becomes the basis of mechanical sifting methods. Therefore, the researchers continue to work on perfecting the above methods. The goal of this research work is to survey and determine the possibility of the changes in the designs of sifting equipment with the trommels can improve the influences that are created during the sifting process, the efficiency of sifting and the productivity of device or equipment. By this research work, with the purpose to improve the parameters of sifting of materials with particles, we will change the design of cylindrical trommel of the cross trommel sieve, which is often used in the sifting process to axle to its axis, and in order to confirm the results of experiment by determining the CAD analysis of axle trommel and the movement of one particle inside of it using the ADAMS software, the experiment on the real equipment shall be rationalized by putting into the mathematic modeling, develop the physical modeling using the “EDEM solution” software and process the results.

Evaluation of lead (Pb) concentration in animal tissue, soil, and water samples from grazing pasture near mining industry in southern part of Mongolia

Lead (Pb) is a substance that can cause serious damage to the brain and kidneys, soften bones, adverse effect to the reproductive system, and can be fatal. Long-term exposure to the substance can damage not only children, but also adults' nervous systems. Lead does not belong into the category of toxic substances due to its effects on the human body. It is considered as a harmful substance. In this study, we analyzed lead concentration in liver and kidney of cattle, horse, sheep, and goat from the mining areas located in the Ulaanbadrakh, Zuunbayan, and Airag soums of Dornogovi province. As a result, the level of lead in the liver of sheep and goat Zuunbayan soum of Dornogovi province was slightly higher than in other soums. The content of heavy metals in water and soil samples did not exceed the international standard average.

Chemical composition and nutritional value of some varieties of soybean cultivated in Mongolia

Soybean has a lot of benefits for human nutrition, well-being and soil nutrition. Soybean seed contain higher concentration of protein and fat. The objective of this work was to evaluate the nutritional composition and mineral contents in soybean seeds of four different varieties of soybean for their future application as food products. The soybeans were cultivated in Mongolia. The moisture, protein, crude fat, reducing carbohydrate’s concentrations were determined by Kjeldahl, Soxhlet and Bertrand’s method in dried soybean seeds, and the calory of 100 g seed was calculated. The mineral concentration in the ash was determined by ICP-OES method. Among them, the Severnaya-4 variety contained the highest amount of protein, 31.5%, the Sibiryachka variety had the highest concentration of crude fat, 20.35%, and reducing sugar, 1.24%. Moreover, the Severnaya-4 and Sibiryachka soybean seeds had the highest mineral concentration. The lower concentration of protein of these four soybean varieties was probably due to the lower temperature during the seed-filling period in Mongolia. Sibiryachka and OAC vision had the highest amount of energy in 100 g raw seed than other two varieties. The Severnaya-4 and Sibiryachka soybean seeds could be better sources for protein, fat and minerals than the Nei dou-4 and OAC vision varieties.

Results study foreign varieties and agrotechniqs of buchwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench)

Buckwheat is one of the most important traditional pseudocereals and a multipurpose crop, belonging to genus Fagopirum of the family Polygonaceae. Buckwheat grain grown mainly for human consumption and as animal feed, although it can also be used as a vegetable, a green manure crop, as a smother crop to crowd out weeds and as a source of buckwheat honey. Common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) has been a crop of secondary importance in many countries and it has persisted through centuries of civilization and enters into the agriculture of nearly every country where cereals are cultivated. The objective of the research was to establish optimal agrotechnology including, possible varieties, vegetation period, planting space and seed quality in cultivating Fagopyrum esculentum Moench in Central cropping region of Mongolia. The results showed the chosen varieties matured around 88 to 108 days of planting and the harvest weighed 5.8-11.3 centner per hectare. Among them, the russian variety, Zyemlyachka, planted on 15th May, provided the greatest yield at 1.8-3.2 centner per hectare. Furthermore, planting the said cultivar at a distance of 30 cm between rows, resulted in higher yield (1.30-3.91 centner per hectare) than other alternatives. All of the chosen varieties in the study yielded high quality seeds, good grain evenness and less hulled seeds.

Phenotypic characterization of Cashmere goats in Western Mongolia

This study was conducted as a preliminary study to design the breeding activity of Mongolian cashmere goats. To characterize the phenotypic traits of goats in Western Mongolia, the linear body measurements and cashmere yield and its the quality were measured. In this study, 608 cashmere goats were selected from the areas where it highly affected to overgrazing and overstocked in this area. The study used a random sampling method from the populations. The normality of the data was checked using the Shapiro-Wilk normality test and analyzed using the linear model procedure in R software. All male (buck) and female goats had straight head profiles (100%). Black coat color was predominant in Erdeneburen, Bayan-Uul soums and all of the goats in Ulgii soum were red. The goats in Ulgii soum were the biggest in body size compared to Erdeneburen and Bayan-Uul in Ulgii soums. The goats had back horn orientation (100%). Significant effects (p <0.001) of sex, age, locations, and sex*age classes were observed on live body weight, cashmere quantitative and qualitative characteristics, and linear body measurements.

The result of effective microorganisms isolated from wastewater and soil

Increasing urbanization and population concentrations are causing environmental problems such as soil and water pollution. In this study, we were present isolation and identification of Streptomyces sp and Rhodobacteria sp. Those effective microorganisms isolated from the wastewater and soil sample of Anand-Khujirt spring resort located in Khujirt soum, Uvurkhangai province in Mongolia. Based on morphological, cultural, and molecular characteristics (16S rDNA sequencing), those strain were identified as Rhodobacter sphaeroides (99% similarity) and Streptomyces cf.griseus (99% similarity). Rhodobacter sphaeroides could be used to reduce heavy metal contamination from soil. Furthermore, Streptomyces cf.griseus is an effective microorganism, which produces 32 types of biologically active compounds for pharmaceutical or agricultural purposes. Хаягдал ус, хөрснөөс ашигтай бичил биетний цэвэр өсгөвөр ялгасан судалгааны дүнгээс Хотжилт, хүн амын төвлөрөл нэмэгдэж байгаа нь хөрс, усны бохирдол зэрэг хүрээлэн буй орчны асуудлуудыг үүсгэж байна. Бид энэхүү судалгааны ажлаар Өвөрхангай аймгийн Хужирт сумын нутагт орших “Ананд-Хужирт” рашаан сувилал, аялал жуулчлалын баазын хаягдал ус, хөрснөөс ялгасан ашигтай бичил биетний нутгийн омгууд болох Streptomyces sp, Rhodobacteria sp-ийн нуклеотидын дарааллыг Genetyx software програмыг ашиглан боловсруулалт хийн АНУ-ын Биотехнологийн Мэдээллийн Үндэсний Төвийн мэдээллийн сангаас BLAST хайлт хийж хамгийн ойролцоох зүйлийг тодорхойлсон. Rhodobacter sphaeroides (99% ижил нуклеотидтэй)-ийг хүнд металлын бохирдлыг бууруулахад өргөн ашигладаг бол Streptomyces cf.griseus (99% ижил нуклеотидтэй) нь 32 төрлийн биологийн идэвхит нэгдлийг нийлэгжүүлэгч ашигтай бичил биетэн юм. Түлхүүр үг: Streptomyces spp, Rhodobacteria spp, хаягдал ус, хөрс,

Research studies on agricultural tractor’s fuel contamination in Mongolia

The study is presented the result of the contamination of diesel fuel of tractor which used in agricultural sector. We took the sample from tractor fuel tank when spring’s cultivating and summer and autumn harrowing time, and analyzed the amount of contamination. The samples were taken periodically from tank tractors, autoclaves and warehouses, and the amounts of contamination contained in the fuel were determined by using the tools such as the filter tool /Millipore/, drying oven /202-OAB/, electronic weight /Sartorius BSA223s/, and microscope /Lab-Kits MB-YYS-300/ in accredited fuel and oil laboratory of Techenomics Mongolia LLC. The amount of contamination depended on the refuel to tractor on the field, and the periods of the working in the field. Especially, during the spring’s sowing and summer and autumn tillage, fuel pollution was much more and the geometric size of the mechanical mixture in the fuel was increasing. Монгол орны газар тариалангийн салбарт ашиглагдаж буй тракторын түлшний бохирдлын судалгаа Газар тариалангийн салбарт ажиллаж байгаа тракторын түлшний бохирдлыг тогтоох судалгааны ажлын үр дүнг танилцуулж байна. Хаврын тариалалт болон зун, намар тариалангийн талбайд уриншийн боловсруулалт хийх үед тракторын түлшний бакнаас дээж авч, бохирдлын хэмжээг лабораторийн шинжилгээгээр тогтоов. Талбайд ажиллаж байгаа тракторуудаас түлшний дээжийг тогтсон арга зүйн дагуу зориулалтын вакуум соруулаар авсан бөгөөд “Текеномикс Монгол” ХХК-ий түлш тосны итгэмжлэгдсэн лабораторит шүүгч багаж /Millipore/, хатаах шүүгээ /202-OAB Drying Oven/, электрон жин /Sartorius BSA223s/, микроскоп /Lab-Kits MB-YYS-300/ зэрэг багажуудыг ашиглан бохирдлын хэмжээг тодорхойлов. Лабораторийн шинжилгээний дүнгээс үзэхэд түлшний бохирдлын хэмжээнд тракторын гүйцэтгэх ажлын төрөл, түүний талбайд ажиллах хугацаа нөлөөлж байна. Ялангуяа хаврын тариалалт, намар талбайн уриншийн боловсруулалт хийх үед түлшний бохирдол их, түлшинд байгаа механик хольцын геометр хэмжээ томорч байна. Түлхүүр үг: Дизель түлш, түлшний дээж, орчны тоосжилт, түлшний бохирдол