The Mediterranean Action Plan: A Regional Approach to Pollution Control

Increasing concern over the deterioration of the Mediterranean sea as a result of increasing pollution by untreated sewage and industrial wastes, agricultural pesticides and fertilizers and oil discharges, led to a series of meetings between 1970 and 1974, and finally to the UNEP-sponsored Mediterranean Action Plan, adopted by governments of the region in 1975 and ongoing since that time. The legal component of the Plan includes a framework Convention and four protocols; the environmental assessment component (the MED POL programme) consists of national pollution monitoring programmes, and research projects conducted by Mediterranean institutions; the environmental management component consists of the Blue Plan (a prospective study combining socio-economic development with environmental preservation) and the Priority Actions Programme (a series of sub-region sectoral projects in defined areas). The Plan has been financed by Mediterranean States since 1979, and is managed by UNEP with the cooperation of other competent UN Agencies. During the last ten years, activities undertaken have improved knowledge of the state of pollution of the Mediterranean sea, and facilitated joint regional action in the form of preventive and control measures.

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Development of regional coastal water quality standards in the Mediterranean

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.1995.0665 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 32 (9-10) ◽

pp. 17-24 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

L. J. Saliba

Keyword(s):

Water Quality ◽

Mediterranean Sea ◽

Coastal Water ◽

Pollution Prevention ◽

Pollution Monitoring ◽

Technical Problems ◽

Coastal Water Quality ◽

The Mediterranean ◽

Trained Manpower ◽

The Impact

Under the terms of the 1976 Convention for the protection of the Mediterranean Sea against pollution, and the 1980 Protocol for the protection of the Mediterranean Sea against pollution from land-based sources, the coastal states of the region have to develop criteria and standards for various aspects of coastal water quality. These are being progressively developed within the framework of the Mediterranean Action Plan, specifically within the Long-term Programme of Pollution Monitoring and Research in the Mediterranean Sea (MED POL Phase II). The impact of specific Mediterranean ecological conditions on health and related risks arising from specific uses of the sea, in relation to those risks arising from the same types of water use in regions with different conditions, and the effects of such differences on quality requirements, are discussed. The current situation in the Mediterranean region regarding national and international legislation for ensuring coastal water quality is described, together with the normal procedures for regional assessments of the situation with regard to specific pollutants and the formulation of proposed measures. The legal and technical problems involved in (a) the actual preparation of criteria and standards combining ecological and health requirements with political acceptability and (b) their adoption by Mediterranean states are described. These problems essentially arise out of the heterogeneous character of the states bordering the Mediterranean Sea, especially regarding the state of existing infrastructures for pollution prevention and control, including the availability of trained manpower and technical facilities, the degreee of priority accorded to marine pollution within the overall framework of national requirements, the type of legal and administrative machinery for the enactment and enforcement of statutory provisions, and the implications of new or amended legislation vis-a-vis already-existing international obligations.

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New records of the critically endangered Squatina squatina(Linnaeus, 1758) from Corsica, France

Acta Adriatica ◽

10.32582/aa.60.2.10 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 60 (2) ◽

pp. 205-210 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Matthieu Lapinski ◽

Ioannis Giovos

Keyword(s):

Mediterranean Sea ◽

New Records ◽

Action Plan ◽

Local Extinction ◽

Critically Endangered ◽

Nursery Ground ◽

The World ◽

The Mediterranean ◽

Over Exploitation ◽

Extinction Events

Angel Sharks are among the most threatened families of fish in the world. In the Mediterranean three species are present facing a severe depletion with several local extinction events as a result of over exploitation by fisheries. Hereby, we present 7 additional records of Squatina squatina from Corsica contributing to the new regional action plan for Angel Sharks in the Mediterranean Sea. Most records include juvenile specimens, indicating that the area might be a nursery ground for the species.

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Do regimes matter? Epistemic communities and Mediterranean pollution control

International Organization ◽

10.1017/s0020818300032975 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 43 (3) ◽

pp. 377-403 ◽

Cited By ~ 382

Author(s):

Peter M. Haas

Keyword(s):

International Relations ◽

Mediterranean Sea ◽

Pollution Control ◽

Political System ◽

Action Plan ◽

State Policies ◽

Epistemic Community ◽

Epistemic Communities ◽

Patterns Of Behavior ◽

The Mediterranean

International regimes have received increasing attention in the literature on international relations. However, little attention has been systematically paid to how compliance with them has been achieved. An analysis of the Mediterranean Action Plan, a coordinated effort to protect the Mediterranean Sea from pollution, shows that this regime actually served to empower a group of experts (members of an epistemic community), who were then able to redirect their governments toward the pursuit of new objectives. Acting in an effective transnational coalition, these new actors contributed to the development of convergent state policies in compliance with the regime and were also effective in promoting stronger and broader rules for pollution control. This suggests that in addition to providing a form of order in an anarchic international political system, regimes may also contribute to governmental learning and influence patterns of behavior by empowering new groups who are able to direct their governments toward new ends.

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Visceral leishmaniasis in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: eco-epidemiological aspects and control

Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical ◽

10.1590/s0037-86822009000500017 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 42 (5) ◽

pp. 570-580 ◽

Cited By ~ 38

Author(s):

Mauro Celio de Almeida Marzochi ◽

Aline Fagundes ◽

Moacir Vieira de Andrade ◽

Marcos Barbosa de Souza ◽

Maria de Fátima Madeira ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽

Rio De Janeiro ◽

Control Measures ◽

Epidemiological Surveillance ◽

Lutzomyia Longipalpis ◽

Leishmania Chagasi ◽

Environmental Preservation ◽

Continental Slopes ◽

Canine Infection ◽

And Control

From 1977 (index case) to 2006, 87 cases of visceral leishmaniasis were confirmed in the municipality of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in periurban areas on the continental and coastal slopes of the Pedra Branca massif and the continental slopes of the Gericinó massif. The majority (65.5%) of the patients were more than five years old, predominantly males (61.5%), but without any difference between the sexes below the age of 14 years. The overall fatality rate was 10.4%. Two cases of visceral leishmaniasis/human immunodeficiency virus coinfection were detected. Leishmania chagasi was isolated from human and canine cases. The associations between the presence of phlebotomines and human and canine migrations, disorderly occupation involving degradation of environmental preservation areas and poor socioeconomic conditions may have created a favorable setting for the establishment and propagation of the disease. Close epidemiological surveillance associated with traditional control measures and others (active case researches, land clearing and health education), reduced the incidence of human cases from 2.8 per 100,000 inhabitants in 1981 to less than 0.01 per 100,000 since 1997. The canine infection rates decreased from 4.6% in 1984 to 1.6% in 2008. Lutzomyia longipalpis was not detected in some locations where human and canine cases occurred. In the years 2007 and 2008, no new human cases were reported, but there is a persistent and worrisome residual canine seroprevalence.

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Mixed-function oxygenase enzymes as tools for pollution monitoring: Field studies on the french coast of the Mediterranean sea

Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C Comparative Pharmacology ◽

10.1016/0742-8413(91)90118-d ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 100 (1-2) ◽

pp. 37-42 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

J.F. Narbonne ◽

P. Garrigues ◽

D. Ribera ◽

C. Raoux ◽

A. Mathieu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mediterranean Sea ◽

Field Studies ◽

Pollution Monitoring ◽

The Mediterranean ◽

Mixed Function Oxygenase

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MEDITERRANEAN OIL POLLUTION MONITORING AND CONTROL: TECHNICAL AND POLICY ISSUES1

International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings ◽

10.7901/2169-3358-1979-1-283 ◽

1979 ◽

Vol 1979 (1) ◽

pp. 283-285 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Baruch Boxer

Keyword(s):

Mediterranean Sea ◽

Oil Pollution ◽

State Regulation ◽

National Standards ◽

Pollution Monitoring ◽

International Agency ◽

Monitoring And Control ◽

Response Planning ◽

The Mediterranean ◽

Barcelona Convention

ABSTRACT An ambitious intergovernmental program of oil spill contingency and response planning is underway in the Mediterranean Sea region under the auspices of the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) and the Inter-governmental Maritime Consultative Organization (IMCO). This paper assesses technical and institutional problems of bringing national needs and capabilities into line with international obligations of Mediterranean coastal states in keeping with the recently ratified 1976 Barcelona Convention. Problems include: definition of the coordinating role of the Malta-based UNEP-supported and IMCO-administered Regional Oil Combating Center for the Mediterranean Sea (ROCC); difficulties in applying the results of oil and petroleum hydrocarbon monitoring in regional spill prevention and contingency planning; jurisdictional questions relating to coastal state regulation and enforcement rights; and lack of consensus on technical aspects of planning and response due to diverse national standards and pollution control objectives. Through the establishment of the ROCC, UNEP and IMCO have introduced a new element in international attempts to plan for and respond to major spills. The extent to which the ROCC is able to achieve its treaty-defined goals in the Mediterranean is a measure of the potential for international agency contributions to contingency and response planning. This is important in light of UNEP attempts in other “regional seas” areas to establish similar institutional mechanisms for intergovernmental coordination.

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Knowledge and Awareness of Dengue Fever

International Journal of Scientific Research in Computer Science Engineering and Information Technology ◽

10.32628/cseit183865 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 219-222

Author(s):

Y. Arockia Suganthi ◽

Chitra K. ◽

J. Magelin Mary

Keyword(s):

Dengue Fever ◽

Prevention And Control ◽

Control Measures ◽

Infection Transmission ◽

Standard Guideline ◽

The World ◽

Different Types ◽

Prevention And Control Measures ◽

Dengue Prevention ◽

And Control

Dengue fever is a painful mosquito-borne infection caused by different types of virus in various localities of the world. There is no particular medicine or vaccine to treat person suffering from dengue fever. Dengue viruses are transmitted by the bite of female Aedes (Ae) mosquitoes. Dengue fever viruses are mainly transmitted by Aedes which can be active in tropical or subtropical climates. Aedes Aegypti is the key step to avoid infection transmission to save millions of people in all over the world. This paper provides a standard guideline in the planning of dengue prevention and control measures. At the same time gives the priorities including clinical management and hospitalized dengue patients have to address essentially.

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