International Co-Operation for the Improvement of Environmental Sanitation by Japan

1986 ◽  
Vol 18 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 71-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Unno ◽  
S. Yamamura
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Foreign Aid ◽  
Technical Assistance ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Foreign Assistance ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Past ◽  
Remarkable Progress ◽  
Water Supply And Sanitation

Japan has made remarkable progress in water supply and sanitation during the past 100 years. On the other hand, many developing countries lack adequate water supply and sanitation facilities, which causes high mortality rates. The “International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade” (IDWSSD) has been promulgated by the UN since 1981 to cope with this problem. Japan has made efforts to develop foreign assistance projects in the water supply and sanitation field since 1968. Recently, after the promulgation of IDWSSD, such activities have been expanded. However, there exist many problems in Japanese economic and technical assistance partly because Japan has rather less experience in foreign assistance than other advanced countries. Therefore effective measures should be taken to conduct more appropriate foreign aid programmes.

Securing 2020 vision for 2030: climate change and ensuring resilience in water and sanitation services

2010 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 2-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guy Howard ◽  
Katrina Charles ◽  
Kathy Pond ◽  
Anca Brookshaw ◽  
Rifat Hossain ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Climate Changes ◽  
Water And Sanitation ◽  
Sanitation Services ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
Management Approaches ◽  
Sanitation Systems ◽  
Water Supply And Sanitation

Drinking-water supply and sanitation services are essential for human health, but their technologies and management systems are potentially vulnerable to climate change. An assessment was made of the resilience of water supply and sanitation systems against forecast climate changes by 2020 and 2030. The results showed very few technologies are resilient to climate change and the sustainability of the current progress towards the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) may be significantly undermined. Management approaches are more important than technology in building resilience for water supply, but the reverse is true for sanitation. Whilst climate change represents a significant threat to sustainable drinking-water and sanitation services, through no-regrets actions and using opportunities to increase service quality, climate change may be a driver for improvements that have been insufficiently delivered to date.

scholarly journals Ecological And Hygienic Aspects Of Optimization Of Water Supply Of The Population

2021 ◽  
Vol 03 (04) ◽  
pp. 48-53
Author(s):  
Feruzakhon Tulkinjonovna Abduvalieva ◽  
◽  
Feruza Lyutpillaevna Azizova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Integral Approach ◽  
Control Mechanisms ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Laboratory Control ◽  
Treatment Technologies ◽  
Water Supply And Sanitation

The high quality of drinking water is the result of a comprehensive solution to a number of problems, the main of which are the development and implementation of modern water treatment technologies, the use of effective laboratory control mechanisms, optimization of water supply, an integral approach to assessing the quality of drinking water, the use of hygienically sound solutions in terms of water supply and sanitation.

Quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) to support decisions for water supply in affluent and developing countries

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 542-548 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. W. M. H. Smeets
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment ◽  
Microbial Risk Assessment ◽  
Microbial Risk ◽  
The Past ◽  
Relative Risks ◽  
Microbial Risks

Abstract Providing microbially safe water is a main goal of water supply to prevent endemic waterborne disease and outbreaks. Since increasing the level of safety requires resources, it is important to identify most relevant risks and efficient ways to reach health-based targets. Over the past decades, quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) developed into a systematic, science-based approach to assess microbial risks through drinking water supply. In this study we present the QMRA approach and how it can be used to support decisions in both affluent and developing countries. This includes examples from the statutory QMRA in the Netherlands that led to efficient and effective improvements in water supply, not only in treatment, but also in monitoring and operation. In developing countries people often need to use various sources of drinking water. We will demonstrate how QMRA can help to improve insight in the relative risks of these routes and the effect of interventions.

scholarly journals Geographical heterogeneity and inequality of access to improved drinking water supply and sanitation in Nepal

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wen-Jun He ◽  
Ying-Si Lai ◽  
Biraj M. Karmacharya ◽  
Bo-Feng Dai ◽  
Yuan-Tao Hao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Drinking Water Supply ◽  
Geographical Heterogeneity ◽  
Water Supply And Sanitation

The Imo State (Nigeria) Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Project, 2. Impact on dracunculiasis, diarrhoea and nutritional status

1990 ◽  
Vol 84 (2) ◽  
pp. 316-321 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharon R.A. Huttly ◽  
Deborah Blum ◽  
Betty R. Kirkwood ◽  
Robert N. Emeh ◽  
Ngozi Okeke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Drinking Water Supply ◽  
Imo State ◽  
Water Supply And Sanitation

Building Democracy in Contemporary Russia: Western Support for Grassroots Organizations

2005 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 1087-1088
Author(s):  
Juliet Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Civil Society ◽  
Foreign Aid ◽  
Organizational Capacity ◽  
Organizational Structures ◽  
Unintended Consequences ◽  
Foreign Assistance ◽  
The Other ◽  
Grassroots Organizations ◽  
Ngo Development ◽  
Policy Agendas

Building Democracy in Contemporary Russia: Western Support for Grassroots Organizations, Sarah L. Henderson, Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2003, pp. xii, 229.In this well-researched and provocative book, Sarah Henderson asks to what extent Western aid can facilitate the emergence of civil society in countries where civil society is domestically weak. Through an in-depth study of Western aid to Russian women's organizations, she argues that foreign assistance has dramatically affected NGO development in Russia, but not always in expected or positive ways. On the one hand, she finds that external funding “made a tremendous difference in improving and increasing the short-term financial viability, organizational capacity, and networking skills among recipient groups” (9). On the other, she argues that foreign aid contributed to at least four pathological developments within the NGO community. First, funded groups tended to copy the aid agencies' top-heavy and bureaucratic organizational structures. Second, funded groups lacked grassroots constituencies because they shifted their policy agendas to reflect aid agencies' preferences rather than objective domestic needs. Third, foreign aid encouraged the development of a “civic elite” among the domestic NGO community, exacerbating the differences between those groups that received funding and those that did not. Finally, the competition for foreign aid dollars encouraged uncooperative behaviour among funded Russian NGOs rather than bridge building and information sharing. She argues that these problematic unintended consequences were the result of avoidable mistakes in the foreign aid process, and states bluntly that “NGO development is not synonymous with civil society development, and the development of one does not necessarily imply the advancement of the other” (11).

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