The Development of Waste Water Treatment in the Finnish Pulp and Paper Industry

1988 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Luonsi ◽  
J. Junna ◽  
I. Nevalainen
Keyword(s):  
Activated Sludge ◽  
Pollution Control ◽  
Biological Treatment ◽  
Paper Industry ◽  
Waste Water Treatment ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Quality Criteria ◽  
Pulp And Paper Industry ◽  
Pulp And Paper ◽  
Target Values

The recent development of Finnish pulp and paper industry external wastewater treatment has created positive results by reducing the oxygen consuming load (BOD7) of the recipients. This is due to the thirteen activated sludge plants and one anaerobic reactor which have been constructed during the last four years. The target values set in the form of suspended solids (SS) and BOD7 for 1985 (400 t BOD7/d) are expected to be achieved during 1987. Activated sludge plants have also created negative effects in the form of large amounts of surplus biological sludge and increased nutrient discharges, especially phosphorus which with reduced acute toxicity will increase the eutrophication of discharge areas. The share of activated sludge plants for the increased phosphorus discharges remains to be studied. The rapid increase started before the activated sludge plants started operation. In well operated activated sludge plant nutrient discharge is not increased. Although the specific water consumption and specific organic loads continuously decrease in pulp and paper production the increased production and more stringent requirements for pollution control prerequisite investments for external treatment. Therefore it is the time for efficient biological treatment plant construction and before 1995 a good number of mainly activated sludge plants will be constructed, for which time target values and some alternative guidelines to pollution control have been planned but not yet officially issued. Also requirements for CODCr, and total organic chlorine (TOCl) will be among the effluent quality criteria in the near future. When further requirements are issued the basis must be in the requirements of the biota which it is desired to live in the discharge areas. Much research is needed to find out how many of these requirements can be satisfied by modifications of present treatment processes. Thereafter the possibility of removing specific pollutants from the low volume fractions must be identified. The results of these studies must then be compared with the tertiary processes which can be added after the biological treatment plants which process the combined mill effluent. The problem must be regarded as a complex one because any substance removed from the wastewater will be found either in the sludge or in the air. The harmful compounds should be returned to normal ecological circulation or to the least harmful form and location in the most suitable waste stream.

Energy efficient aeration of wastewaters from the pulp and paper industry

2010 ◽  
Vol 62 (10) ◽  
pp. 2364-2371 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Sandberg
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Transfer ◽  
Biological Treatment ◽  
Bubble Column ◽  
Paper Industry ◽  
Electrical Power ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Pulp Mill ◽  
Pulp And Paper Industry ◽  
Pulp And Paper ◽  
Paper Mills

More than 50% of the electrical power needed to treat pulp and paper industry effluents is used for aeration in biological treatment stages. A large share of the oxygen that passes through the wastewater is not consumed and will be found in the off-gas. Energy can be saved by aerating under conditions where the oxygen transfer is most efficient, for example at low concentrations of dissolved oxygen Consider the sludge as an energy source; electricity can be saved by avoiding sludge reduction through prolonged aeration. High oxygen transfer efficiency can be retained by using the oxygen consumption of biosolids. Quantified savings in the form of needed volumes of air while still achieving sufficient COD reduction are presented. The tests have been made in a bubble column with pulp mill process water and sludge from a biological treatment plant. These were supplemented with case studies at three pulp and paper mills.

Correlation of wood-based components and dewatering properties of waste activated sludge from pulp and paper industry

2010 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 387-393 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Kyllönen ◽  
J. Lehto ◽  
P. Pirkonen ◽  
A. Grönroos ◽  
H. Pakkanen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Activated Sludge ◽  
Paper Industry ◽  
Bound Water ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Pulp And Paper Industry ◽  
Pulp And Paper ◽  
Waste Activated Sludge ◽  
Paper Mills ◽  
Elementary Analysis ◽  
Solids Content

Large amounts of wet sludge are produced annually in municipal and industrial wastewater treatment. Already in pulp and paper industry, more than ten million tons of primary sludge, waste activated sludge, and de-inking sludge is generated. Waste activated sludge contains large quantities of bound water, which is difficult to dewater. Low water content would be a matter of high calorific value in incineration but it also has effects on the volume and the quality of the matter to be handled in sludge disposal. In this research waste activated sludges from different pulp and paper mills were chemically characterised and dewatered. Correlations of chemical composition and dewatering properties were determined using multivariate analysis. Chemical characterisation included basic sludge analysis, elementary analysis and analysis of wood-based components, such as hemicelluloses and lignin-derived material. Dewatering properties were determined using measurements of dry solids content, flux and flocculant dosage. The effects of different variables varied according to the response concerned. The variables which were significant regarding cake DS increase in filtration or centrifugation and flocculant dosage needed in filtration were different from those which were significant regarding flux.

Techniques for Closing the Water Circuits in the Pulp and Paper Industry

1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 11-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Howard Edde
Keyword(s):  
Biological Treatment ◽  
Paper Industry ◽  
Pulp And Paper Industry ◽  
Pulp And Paper ◽  
Environmental Legislation ◽  
Assimilative Capacity ◽  
Knowledge Requirements ◽  
Technological Developments ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Organic Halogens

The focus of this paper is on the earlier, recent and future developments in closing the water circuits in pulp and paper production. During the 1960s the U.S. pulp and paper industry was in its environmental infancy concentrating mainly on removal of settleable solids and initiating river assimilative capacity studies. The 1970s began with environmental legislation having enforceable powers to achieve primary and secondary (biological) treatment which was fundamentally fulfilled during the 1980s. The late 1980s and early 1990s opened with toxicity becoming the major environmental issue as measured mainly by absorbable organic halogens (AOX) and dioxins. This paper identifies progress and key technological developments towards furthering stringent environmental enhancement and provides additional knowledge requirements leading into the next century.

Productivity performance of the Canadian pulp and paper industry

1990 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 825-836 ◽  
Author(s):  
David L. Frank ◽  
Asghedom Ghebremichael ◽  
Tae H. Oum ◽  
Michael W. Tretheway
Keyword(s):  
Total Factor Productivity ◽  
Pollution Control ◽  
Capital Investment ◽  
Paper Industry ◽  
Labour Productivity ◽  
Pulp And Paper Industry ◽  
Pulp And Paper ◽  
Point Estimate ◽  
Factor Productivity ◽  
The Impact

This paper analyzes the productivity performance of the Canadian pulp and paper industry for the 1963–1984 period. The industry's productivity is first measured, then its sources are analyzed. Total factor productivity is used to measure industry productivity, and statistical estimation of neoclassical cost functions are used to determine sources of the productivity changes. In addition to decomposing the productivity changes into technical changes and changing the scale of the industry's output and capacity utilization, an attempt is also made to assess the impact of pollution control expenditures. The paper finds that although labour productivity grew at 2.5% per year (modest in comparison to other industries), the gross total factor productivity grew only by 1.2% per year. This is largely due to the fact that capital investment raises labour productivity but retards overall productivity. Of the 1.2% growth in total factor productivity, 0.88% was due to the increased scale of the industry output and 0.32% to technical change. Although there is no statistically conclusive evidence, the point estimate indicates that pollution control expenditures may have retarded productivity growth. However, this subject requires further investigation.

scholarly journals Influence of storage time of pulp and paper industry wastewaters in AOX determination

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Micaela A. R. Soares ◽  
Manuela Marques ◽  
Maria Teresa Rodrigues
Keyword(s):  
Biological Treatment ◽  
Storage Time ◽  
Paper Industry ◽  
Pulp And Paper Industry ◽  
Pulp And Paper ◽  
Experimental Protocol ◽  
Laboratory Activities ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Wastewater Samples

The feasibility of storing wastewater samples from pulp and paper industry during more than 5 days (time recommend by ISO 5667-3:2018) for AOX determination was addresses in this study. Samples were collected before and after the aerobic biological treatment of a Portuguese industry. Experimental protocol included AOX measurements at days 4, 5, 6, 8, 11, 13, 15, 18 and 20 after sampling. Results obtained indicate that storage time is not matrix-dependent and it can be extended up to 20 days, which clearly improves management of laboratory activities concerning AOX determination.

Characterization and Dewatering of Activated Sludge from the Pulp and Paper Industry

1993 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 193-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Pere ◽  
R. Alen ◽  
L. Viikari ◽  
L. Eriksson
Keyword(s):  
Activated Sludge ◽  
Paper Industry ◽  
Pulp And Paper Industry ◽  
Contact Angles ◽  
Low Ph ◽  
Pulp And Paper ◽  
Hydroxyl Groups ◽  
Ftir Analysis ◽  
Floc Properties ◽  
Filter Cakes

Floc properties and dewatering of activated sludge from the pulp and paper industry were studied prior to and after an oxidative conditioning using Fenton's reagent Sludge samples were taken from four treatment plants, which differed with respect to organic loadings and wastewater source. Poor dewaterability was typical of heavily loaded sludges and a positive correlation between filtrability and the concentration of exopolysaccharides was observed. Oxidative conditioning improved the dewaterability of all the sludges tested, but especially that of heavily loaded sludges. Lab-scale piston press results were also comparable with those of controls conditioned with polyelectrolytes. As a result of the conditioning, the surface charge density of the flocs decreased and the contact angles of filter cakes were increased, which enhanced flocculation and settleability. It is possible that hydroxyl groups are oxidized during the oxidative treatment to carboxyl groups, which are more hydrophobic at low pH. This hypothesis was partly supported by FTIR-analysis, but obviously other mechanisms were also involved.

Evaluation of Purification Efficiency of Activated Sludge Treatment Plants for Pulp and Paper Industry Wastewaters in Finland

1990 ◽  
Vol 22 (9) ◽  
pp. 199-206
Author(s):  
J. Junna ◽  
J. Rintala
Keyword(s):  
Activated Sludge ◽  
Suspended Solids ◽  
Paper Industry ◽  
Pulp And Paper Industry ◽  
Pulp And Paper ◽  
Pulp Mills ◽  
Sludge Treatment ◽  
Actual Performance ◽  
Loading Rates ◽  
Removal Efficiencies

Since 1984, when the first activated sludge treatment plant (ASTP) was built to treat pulp and paper industry wastewaters in Finland, twenty more plants have been introduced by 1989. An evaluation was undertaken to find out the actual performance of the ASTPs in BOD7, CODc r and phosphorus removal. The evaluation included all the 12 ASTPs in operation in the pulp and paper industry at the beginning of 1987. The highest average BOD7 removals were about 90 % at pulp mills as well as paper and board mills. CODc r removal was generally higher at paper and board mills (about 40-70 %) than at pulp mills (about 25-55 %). Phosphorus was added to wastewater in most plants. In some ASTPs, phosphorus concentrations were lowered by 20-40 % compared with wastewater from the mill. In some plants phosphorus load on the recipient was higher than the load coming from the mill. In treated wastewater, correlations between suspended solids and BOD7, CODc r, phosphorus and nitrogen were significant in most plants. This indicated that low removal efficiencies resulted from poor suspended solids removal in the secondary clarification. Volumetric and sludge CODc r loading rates could not explain removal efficiencies when all plants were included in the comparison. In plants treating chemical pulping effluents, higher removal efficiencies were normally achieved with lower loading rates. When the plants were studied separately, the influence of loading rate was generally significant.

Improvement of Sludge Settleability in Activated Sludge Plants Treating Effluent from Pulp and Paper Industries

1999 ◽  
Vol 40 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 215-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kjær Andreasen ◽  
Jeanette Agertved ◽  
Jens-Ove Petersen ◽  
Henrik Skaarup
Keyword(s):  
Activated Sludge ◽  
Paper Industry ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Pulp And Paper ◽  
Detailed Knowledge ◽  
Effluent Quality ◽  
Pulp Industry ◽  
Substrate Removal ◽  
Filamentous Microorganisms ◽  
Pulp And Paper Industries

The main objective of many activated sludge plants treating wastewater from the pulp and paper industry is to remove COD only. These plants are often designed as high-load aerobic systems without any microbial selector system. As a consequence the sludge settling properties are normally poor due to fast growing filamentous microorganisms, which severely reduce the treatment capacity and the effluent quality. Implementation of selectors, in which the substrate concentration and the metabolic pathways can be manipulated, has in many cases reduced the bulking sludge problems in activated sludge systems. An example of a successful upgrading of a Danish pulp industry wastewater treatment plant with an anoxic selector is presented. the use of a novel technique to investigate the in situ physiology of filamentous microorganisms is discussed. It is concluded that a successful application of selectors relies on detailed knowledge about: a) physiology and substrate requirement of the filamentous microorganisms, b) wastewater composition and c) substrate removal kinetics in the selector system.

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