Studies evaluating the applicability of utilising the same concentration techniques for the detection of protozoan parasites and viruses in water

1995 ◽  
Vol 31 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 417-423 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Kfir ◽  
C. Hilner ◽  
M. du Preez ◽  
B. Bateman
Keyword(s):  
Water Samples ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Environmental Water ◽  
Similar Efficacy ◽  
Sample Volume ◽  
Water Recovery ◽  
Protozoan Parasites ◽  
Cartridge Filter ◽  
Giardia Muris

In this study concentration techniques regularly used for viral detection, i.e. flat-bed ultrafiltration and Filterite cartridge filtration, were evaluated for their efficacies in the recovery of protozoan parasites from water. Recovery of cysts was studied using tap water seeded with Giardia muris cysts and compared to methods designed for the detection of protozoan parasites. Recovery of cysts utilizing 1.2µm membrane filters was 11.1% (4.5-23%) compared to 11.6% (2.7-25.5%) with ultrafiltration (pore size 46-50 Å, with a molecular cut off of 50 000 daltons). Comparison of these methods for the isolation of Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts from environmental water samples also indicated a similar efficacy. The recovery of cysts from 1001 of seeded samples using a Cuno wynd cartridge filter was 12.2% (1.6-46%) compared to 13.4% (5-24.2%) using a Filterite cartridge filter. Although the results indicated similar recovery efficacies for these two methods, use of Filterite resulted in a more consistent recovery rate. This study also indicated that the use of cartridge filters for the processing of large volume water samples (1001) showed a slightly better recovery efficacy than the flat-bed filtration technique which limits sample volume to about 101. This study shows that concentration techniques utilised for the isolation of enteric viruses can also be applied for the detection of protozoan parasites from water. This procedure allows for co-analysis of both viruses and protozoan parasites and provides a more rapid and cost-effective evaluation of water quality.

Detection and quantification ofLegionella pneumophilain water samples using competitive PCR

2006 ◽  
Vol 52 (6) ◽  
pp. 584-590 ◽  
Author(s):  
Priscilla Declerck ◽  
Jonas Behets ◽  
Elke Lammertyn ◽  
Ilya Lebeau ◽  
Jozef Anné ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Legionella Pneumophila ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Cooling Tower ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Culture Method ◽  
Environmental Water ◽  
Competitive Pcr ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Standard Culture

The presence of high levels of Legionella pneumophila in man-made aquatic systems correlates with the incidence of nosocomial Legionnaires' disease. This requires a rapid, reliable, and sensitive quantification of L. pneumophila concentrations in suspected water systems. In this research, a homologous competitor was developed and evaluated in a L. pneumophila competitive polymerase chain reaction (cPCR) to quantify this human pathogen in a quick, cost-effective, and reliable way. Accuracy of cPCR was evaluated by analyzing cooling tower and tap water samples spiked with known concentrations of L. pneumophila bacteria, in parallel with the standard culture method. Legionella pneumophila amounts detected and calculated from cPCR and culture correlated very well: r = 0.998, P = 0.002 for tap water and r = 0.990, P = 0.009 for cooling tower water. Nevertheless, for both kinds of water samples, mean numbers of L. pneumophila calculated from cPCR results were always higher than those obtained by culture. This study makes it clear that the rapid, sensitive, and cost-effective L. pneumophila cPCR is a promising alternative to the standard time-consuming culture method and expensive real-time PCR to enumerate L. pneumophila bacteria in environmental water samples.Key words: Legionella pneumophila, competitive PCR, cost-effective, cooling tower water, tap water, sensitive detection.

Mobile-phone-based colourimetric analysis for determining nitrite content in water

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (7) ◽  
pp. 403 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chanida Puangpila ◽  
Jaroon Jakmunee ◽  
Somkid Pencharee ◽  
Wipada Pensrisirikul
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Phone ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Diazonium Salt ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Environmental Water ◽  
Sulfanilic Acid ◽  
Calibration Graph ◽  
Nitrite Ion ◽  
Griess Reaction

Environmental contextA widespread pollutant in groundwater, rivers and lakes is nitrite, which is commonly determined batchwise by using colourimetry. The batchwise method, however, requires relatively large and expensive instrumentation, and hence is unsuitable for in-field measurements. This work introduces a simple and portable colourimetric analyser based on a mobile-phone camera for monitoring nitrite concentrations in environmental water samples. AbstractA cost-effective and portable colourimetric analyser installed on a mobile phone was used to measure nitrite in water samples in Chiang Mai City, Thailand. The colourimetric detection was based on the Griess reaction, in which nitrite ion reacts with sulfanilic acid under acidic conditions to produce a diazonium salt that further reacts with N-(1-naphthyl)-ethylenediamine dihydrochloride to form a red–violet azo dye. Under controlled conditions using a light-tight box with LED flash lights, images of the red–violet solution were captured using a built-in camera and further analysed by a program, Panalysis, on the mobile phone. The calibration graph was created by measuring the red colour intensity of a series of standard nitrite solutions from 0.09–1.8 mg N L−1. The calibration equation was then automatically stored for nitrite analysis. The results demonstrated good performance of the mobile phone analyser as an analytical instrument. The accuracy (RE <4%) and precision (RSD ≤ 1%, intra- and inter-day) were also obtained with a detection limit of 0.03 mg N L−1 and a sample throughput of 40 samples per hour. Our results establish this simple, inexpensive and portable device as a reliable in-field monitor of nitrite in environmental waters.

Influence of US EPA 1622 method successive steps on the viability of Cryptosporidium oocysts

2000 ◽  
Vol 41 (7) ◽  
pp. 189-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Guyot ◽  
M. F. Gireaudot-Liepmann ◽  
A. Cabon ◽  
I. Riveau-Ricard ◽  
M. Lange ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Samples ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
High Recovery ◽  
The Us ◽  
Cryptosporidium Oocysts ◽  
Cartridge Filter ◽  
Us Epa ◽  
Cryptosporidium Parvum Oocysts ◽  
Elution Step

Viable Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts were processed by the US EPA 1622 method to determine if the procedure that requires successive filtration, elutionand centrifugation alters their integrity and viability (determined by in vitro excystation). Oocyst seeded in tap water samples were also used to evaluate recovery efficiencies and impact of the whole procedure on oocyst viability. Filtration through Envirochek Gelman cartridge was found not to damage oocysts. The use of Laureth-12 buffer during the elution step was shown to lead to greater spontaneous oocysts excystation than other phosphate buffers containing between 80 and/or SDS (like the Gelman buffer). However, this drawback was widely balanced against the best efficiency of this buffer to elute oocysts captured by the cartridge filter and therefore against its high recovery efficiency. Thus, in water samples in which the oocyst concentration is expected to be low, it is more advantageous to employ the Laureth-12 buffer for the elution through it can influence viability. Centrifugation speeds (1,000–5,000 g) did not alter oocysts.

On-Site Monitoring of Steroid Hormones in Environmental Waters with a Low-Cost, Integrated Polymer Lab-on-Chip Device

2013 ◽  
Vol 448-453 ◽  
pp. 396-401
Author(s):  
Nuno Miguel Matos Pires ◽  
Tao Dong
Keyword(s):  
Steroid Hormones ◽  
Optical Sensors ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Environmental Water ◽  
Lab On Chip ◽  
Gold Thin Film ◽  
Site Monitoring ◽  
On Chip

Routine analysis of steroid hormones in environmental water samples demands for cost-effective tools that can detect multiple targets simultaneously. This study reports a high-throughput polymer platform integrated to polymer optical sensors for on-site monitoring of hormones in water. This opto-microfluidic device concept is fully compatible to low-cost fabrication methods. A competitive chemiluminescence immunoassay was performed onto gold thin film coated chambers, and a detection resolution of roughly 0.2 ng/mL was obtained using 17β-estradiol as the model target. Furthermore, the integrated polymer platform showed good recovery for the estradiol target when spiked in surface water samples.

scholarly journals Solid-Phase Extraction of Trace Amounts of Uranium(VI) in Environmental Water Samples Using an Extractant-Impregnated Resin Followed by Detection with UV-Vis Spectrophotometry

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmad Hosseini-Bandegharaei ◽  
Masoud Sarwghadi ◽  
Aliasghar Heydarbeigi ◽  
Seyyed Hossein Hosseini ◽  
Mehdi Nedaie
Keyword(s):  
Water Samples ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Environmental Water ◽  
Extraction Methods ◽  
Sample Volume ◽  
Environmental Water Samples ◽  
Adsorption Model ◽  
Separation And Preconcentration ◽  
Impregnated Resin ◽  
Maximum Sorption

A stable extractant-impregnated resin (EIR) containing Chrome Azurol B was prepared using Amberlite XAD-2010 as a porous polymeric support. The new EIR was employed for trace separation and preconcentration of U(VI) ion followed by spectrophotometric determination with the arsenazo III procedure. CAB/XAD-2010 exhibited excellent selectivity for U(VI) ion over coexisting ions. Experimental parameters including pH, contact time, shaking speed, and ionic strength were investigated by batch extraction methods. Maximum sorption of U(VI) ions occurred at pH 4.3–6.9. The capacity of EIR was found to be 0.632 mmol·g−1. Equilibrium was reached in 25 min and the loading half-time,t1/2, was less than 6 min. The equilibrium adsorption isotherm of U(VI) was fitted with the Langmuir adsorption model. In addition, a column packed with CAB/XAD-2010 was used for column-mode separation and preconcentration of U(VI) ion. For the optimization of the dynamic procedure, effects of sample volume, sample and eluent flow rate, eluent concentration, and its volume were investigated. The preconcentration factors for U(VI) were found out to be 160. But, for convenience, a preconcentration factor of 150 was utilized for the column-mode preconcentration. The dynamic procedure gave a detection limit of5.0×10-10 mol·L−1(0.12 μg·L−1) for U(VI) ion. The proposed dynamic method showed good performance in analyzing environmental water samples.

Optimization of the Envirochek capsule method and immunomagnetic separation procedure for the detection of low levels of Cryptosporidium in large drinking water samples

2000 ◽  
Vol 41 (7) ◽  
pp. 111-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Pezzana ◽  
Ph. Vilaginès ◽  
F. Bordet ◽  
D. Coquard ◽  
B. Sarrette ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Magnetic Beads ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Immunomagnetic Separation ◽  
Sample Volume ◽  
Separation Procedure ◽  
Cryptosporidium Oocysts ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Drinking Water Samples

The method for concentration of Cryptosporidium oocysts in large drinking water samples using the Envirocheck capsule has been optimized for the detection of low levels of oocysts. Elution from the filter by contact time and vortex agitation gave 68% oocyst recovery. Centrifugation (1,250 g; 30 min; 4°C) improved recovery to 94% without morphological damage of the oocysts. Increasing the ratio of magnetic beads to sample volume in the IMS procedure led to 69% efficiency. In these conditions, the overall recovery of the procedure was 49% as assessed with low oocysts spike doses in 100 litres tap water samples. The methodology described allows the detection of 0.1 oocyst per litre when 100 litres samples are processed.

scholarly journals Macroporous epoxy-based monoliths for rapid quantification of Pseudomonas aeruginosa by adsorption elution method optimized for qPCR

2020 ◽  
Vol 412 (29) ◽  
pp. 8185-8195
Author(s):  
Lisa Göpfert ◽  
Julia Klüpfel ◽  
Charlotte Heinritz ◽  
Martin Elsner ◽  
Michael Seidel
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Cell Number ◽  
Sample Volume ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Culture Independent ◽  
Elution Method ◽  
Optimized Conditions

Abstract Pseudomonas aeruginosa contaminations in tap water systems have caused severe health problems in both hospital and household settings. To ensure fast and reliable detection, culture-independent methods are recommendable. However, the typically low cell number in water samples requires sample enrichment prior to analysis. Therefore, we developed and optimized an adsorption elution method using monolithic adsorption filtration and subsequent centrifugal ultrafiltration that can be combined with culture-independent detection methods. The principle of adsorption of Pseudomonas aeruginosa by hydrophobic and ionic interactions was studied in modified epoxy-based monoliths. Optimized conditions (5-L initial sample volume at pH 3 filtered for 30 min through hydrolyzed monoliths (MAF-OH) and eluted with beef extract glycine buffer at pH 9.5) achieved a recovery of 67.1 ± 1.2% and a concentration factor of 103. For the first time, we therefore present a culture-independent approach for rapid enrichment and subsequent molecular biological quantification of P. aeruginosa by qPCR from tap water samples by monolithic adsorption filtration. The total enrichment and quantification process takes 4 h. This work further stresses the versatility of the monolithic adsorption filtration and its possibilities as a concentration tool for culture-independent analytics of pathogenic bacteria in the environment. Graphical abstract

Hollow-fiber ultrafiltration ofCryptosporidium parvumoocysts from a wide variety of 10-L surface water samples

2002 ◽  
Vol 48 (6) ◽  
pp. 542-549 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan C Kuhn ◽  
Kevin H Oshima
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Hollow Fiber ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Environmental Water ◽  
Cryptosporidium Oocysts ◽  
Cost Effective Alternative ◽  
High Turbidity ◽  
Surface Water Samples ◽  
Better Than

An optimized hollow-fiber ultrafiltration system (50 000 MWCO) was developed to concentrate Cryptosporidium oocysts from 10-L samples of environmental water. Seeded experiments were conducted using a number of surface-water samples from the southwestern U.S.A. and source water from four water districts with histories of poor oocyst recovery. Ultrafiltration produced a mean recovery of 47.9% from 19 water samples (55.3% from 39 individual tests). We also compared oocyst recoveries using the hollow-fiber ultrafiltration system with those using the Envirochek filter. In limited comparison tests, the hollow-fiber ultrafiltration system produced recoveries similar to those of the Envirochek filter (hollow fiber, 74.1% (SD = 2.8); Envirochek, 71.9% (SD = 5.2)) in low-turbidity (3.9 NTU) samples and performed better than the Envirochek filter in high-turbidity (159.0 NTU) samples (hollow fiber, 27.5%; Envirochek, 0.4%). These results indicate that hollow-fiber ultrafiltration can efficiently recover oocysts from a wide variety of surface waters and may be a cost-effective alternative for concentrating Cryptosporidium from water, given the reusable nature of the filter.Key words: Cryptosporidium, ultrafiltration, oocyst.

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