A study of WC derived sewer solids

1996 ◽  
Vol 33 (9) ◽  
pp. 17-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eran Friedler ◽  
David M. Brown ◽  
David Butler
Keyword(s):  
Toilet Paper ◽  
Faecal Matter ◽  
Usage Patterns ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Refuse Disposal ◽  
The Uk

Little is currently known about the nature, quantity or variability of WC derived sewer solids. This work describes results of a one week domestic WC usage survey in the UK. Specific attention is paid to solid production including faecal matter, toilet paper and sanitary refuse. Significant quantities of solids were found to be produced. The results illustrate distinctive diurnal usage patterns including the surprisingly low evening faecal related flush usage. Weekend usage exceeded week day usage on average, but with reduced morning peaks. Differences between males and females usage were also noted, in particular the much larger toilet paper usage and sanitary refuse disposal associated with females.

Meningococcal ACWY vaccine uptake and awareness among student freshers enrolled at Northern Ireland universities

2017 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter J.A. Moore ◽  
B. Cherie Millar ◽  
John E. Moore
Keyword(s):  
Northern Ireland ◽  
University Students ◽  
Vaccination Programme ◽  
Vaccination Campaign ◽  
Vaccine Uptake ◽  
Meningococcal Group ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Communication Modalities ◽  
First Time

Abstract A new MenACWY conjugate meningococcal vaccination programme was introduced in Northern Ireland (NI) in August 2015, for 13–18 year olds, as well as for first-time university entrants up to 25 years. This reflected the response made by Public Health England, due to the recent rapid increase of meningococcal group W (MenW) disease and on advice of the UK Joint Committee on Vaccination and Immunisation (JCVI). The aims of this study were to evaluate (i) the uptake of the MenACWY vaccine among first-time university students, (ii) vaccine and meningitis awareness, (iii) optimal communication modalities via a multidisciplinary team (MDT) model and (iv) current international vaccination policies relating to non-UK students. A survey was completed by 1210 students, 868 first-time freshers and 342 non-freshers, from healthcare-related, non-healthcare-related and engineering/computing faculties. The survey included an anonymous questionnaire and consented students were aged 17–50 years with a 2:3 ratio of male:female. Vaccine uptake amongst 18-year-old students was 90.7% and 87.3% in female and male cohorts, respectively, falling to 72.1% and 67.7% (19-year cohort) and 32.7% and 39.6% (20- to 25-year cohort) in males and females, respectively. Students reported that posters, clinics and talks were the preferred methods of communication and not social media. There was general lack of awareness of the signs/symptoms of meningitis and approximately 30% of students falsely believed that administration of the MenACWY vaccine excluded the risk of contracting meningitis. Overall, there was a successful vaccination campaign; however, there was a lack of meningitis awareness. Due to differing international meningococcal vaccination schedules, international students enrolling at UK universities need to be informed about current UK policies. For the successful introduction of any vaccination programme amongst university students, it is fundamental that a MDT is established to inform and deliver such a programme in an efficient and timely manner.

scholarly journals Investigating cholesterol metabolism and ageing using a systems biology approach

2016 ◽  
Vol 76 (3) ◽  
pp. 378-391 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. E. Morgan ◽  
K. M. Mooney ◽  
S. J. Wilkinson ◽  
N. A. Pickles ◽  
M. T. Mc Auley
Keyword(s):  
Systems Biology ◽  
Ldl Cholesterol ◽  
Hospital Admissions ◽  
Cholesterol Metabolism ◽  
Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
Complex Biological System ◽  
Integrated Methodology ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Reductionist Approach

CVD accounted for 27 % of all deaths in the UK in 2014, and was responsible for 1·7 million hospital admissions in 2013/2014. This condition becomes increasingly prevalent with age, affecting 34·1 and 29·8 % of males and females over 75 years of age respectively in 2011. The dysregulation of cholesterol metabolism with age, often observed as a rise in LDL-cholesterol, has been associated with the pathogenesis of CVD. To compound this problem, it is estimated by 2050, 22 % of the world's population will be over 60 years of age, in culmination with a growing resistance and intolerance to pre-existing cholesterol regulating drugs such as statins. Therefore, it is apparent research into additional therapies for hypercholesterolaemia and CVD prevention is a growing necessity. However, it is also imperative to recognise this complex biological system cannot be studied using a reductionist approach; rather its biological uniqueness necessitates a more integrated methodology, such as that offered by systems biology. In this review, we firstly discuss cholesterol metabolism and how it is affected by diet and the ageing process. Next, we describe therapeutic strategies for hypercholesterolaemia, and finally how the systems biology paradigm can be utilised to investigate how ageing interacts with complex systems such as cholesterol metabolism. We conclude by emphasising the need for nutritionists to work in parallel with the systems biology community, to develop novel approaches to studying cholesterol metabolism and its interaction with ageing.

scholarly journals Trends in Type 1 Diabetes Mortality and Disability-Adjusted Life-Years in 27 European Countries and the United Kingdom: 1990–2017

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. A463-A463
Author(s):  
Aurimas Kudzinskas ◽  
Andrew Alazawi ◽  
Will Hughes ◽  
Richard Goodall ◽  
Eleanor Harbinson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Czech Republic ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Disability Adjusted Life ◽  
Life Years ◽  
Recent Trends ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
The Uk

Abstract Background: Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is a prevalent condition with significant morbidity and financial implications. This study aims to compare the temporal trends in T1DM mortality and morbidity across 27 European Union (EU) countries and the United Kingdom between 1990 and 2017. Methods: The Global Burden of Disease Study database was used to extract T1DM age-standardized mortality rates (ASMR) and disability-adjusted life-years rates (DALYs) per 100,000 for 27 EU countries and the United Kingdom. Joinpoint regression analysis was used to interpret trends. Results: All countries, excluding males from the Czech Republic (+28.5%), had relative reductions in ASMR between 1990 and 2017. The largest relative reductions in ASMR between 1990 and 2017 were observed in Slovenia for both males and females (-75.9% and -87.9%, respectively). The smallest relative reductions in ASMR between 1990 and 2017 were seen in Malta for males (-5.9%) and Czech Republic for females (-12.5%). For all years from 1999 to 2017, males in all countries had higher T1DM ASMRs compared to females. Similarly, T1DM DALYs have decreased across all countries excluding males from the Czech Republic and Malta (+10.4% and +5.3%, respectively). The largest relative reductions in DALYs between 1990 and 2017 were observed in Poland for both males and females (-46.4% and -70.4%, respectively). The smallest relative reductions in DALYs were seen in Greece for both males and females (-4.1% and -17.0%, respectively). From all years from 2006 to 2017, males in all countries had higher T1DM DALYs compared to females. Joinpoint regression analysis demonstrated that over the time period covered by the most recent trends (2013/14–2017), small increases in T1DM ASMRs were observed in Malta, Germany, and Denmark, for males, and in the UK, Netherlands, Germany, and Denmark for females. Furthermore, the UK also observed increases in DALY rates for both males and females between 2013 and 2017 (estimated annual percentage increases: males +0.6%, females +0.5%). Discussion: We identified improvements in both the mortality and morbidity from T1DM in European Union Countries between 1990 and 2017. Both the incidence and prevalence of T1DM is known to be increasing, therefore the observed improvements in mortality and morbidity reflect continent wide improvements in disease management. Our data do suggest, however, that the improvements in mortality and DALYs appear to be plateauing in the UK over the time periods covered by the most recent trends.

Community scale non-potable reuse in London using an MBR

2008 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Birks ◽  
S. Hills ◽  
E. Grant ◽  
B. Verrecht
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Research Programme ◽  
Wastewater Reclamation ◽  
Zero Energy ◽  
Energy Usage ◽  
Potable Reuse ◽  
Efficiency And Effectiveness ◽  
Usage Patterns ◽  
The Uk

Due to increasing pressure on water resources in southeast England, Thames Water are currently installing the first membrane bioreactor (MBR) plant for reuse (toilet flushing and irrigation) in the UK, at Beddington Zero Energy Development (BedZED), a prestigious sustainable development in south London. Thames Water will operate and evaluate the system via an in depth research programme for a 3 year period. A case study, the Solaire in New York (US), informed the BedZED Wastewater Reclamation Plant (BWRP) design and is presented. The BWRP process stream comprises 3mm screens, MBR, granular activated carbon and chlorination. Research will include process optimisation, water quality and water saving studies, post treatment efficiency and effectiveness, energy usage, studies of biofilm regrowth potential and householder perception studies. A comprehensive metering system consisting of hardwired pulse, electromagnetic and radio meters will monitor reclaimed and potable water throughout the site. The metering data will be used to calculate water balances and water savings at various scales. Research using the radio meters (AMR) will cover areas such as customer side leakage and usage patterns. This research will allow a holistic and complete understanding of water use and recycling in a sustainable community.

Incineration of Faecal Matter for Treatment and Sanitation

2006 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Niwagaba ◽  
M. Nalubega ◽  
B. Vinnerås ◽  
H. Jönsson
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Treatment Method ◽  
Available Phosphorus ◽  
Plant Nutrient ◽  
Mass Reduction ◽  
Toilet Paper ◽  
Faecal Matter ◽  
Collection Phase ◽  
Plant Nutrient Content

Incineration of faeces offers a treatment method that is useful in reducing the final quantities of faeces and toilet paper. It is also useful as a sanitation method for faeces. The aim of this work was to increase the knowledge about incineration as a treatment and sanitation method for faeces. The faecal matter used in this study contained ash used as additive material during the collection phase. The incinerated faeces/ash mixture had an ash content of 86%. It caught fire when the temperatures reached 800°C and beyond and after this, temperatures in the range of 800 to 1000 °C were recorded. The mass reduction was 15 - 36% and the organic matter was reduced by 78 - 99%. The plant nutrient content was reduced, total nitrogen by 90 - 94% and available phosphorus by 70 - 94%. Incinerating material with a dry matter (DM) of less than 90% resulted in a strong smell. When the DM was higher, the smell lessened. The reduction in mass of excreta and the possibility to re-use ashes as additives in toilets can be advantages of incineration of faeces.

scholarly journals Gender bias in sentiment analysis

2018 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mike Thelwall
Keyword(s):  
Sentiment Analysis ◽  
Gender Bias ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Gender Specific ◽  
Practical Implications

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to test if there are biases in lexical sentiment analysis accuracy between reviews authored by males and females. Design/methodology/approach This paper uses data sets of TripAdvisor reviews of hotels and restaurants in the UK written by UK residents to contrast the accuracy of lexical sentiment analysis for males and females. Findings Male sentiment is harder to detect because it is less explicit. There was no evidence that this problem could be solved by gender-specific lexical sentiment analysis. Research limitations/implications Only one lexical sentiment analysis algorithm was used. Practical implications Care should be taken when drawing conclusions about gender differences from automatic sentiment analysis results. When comparing opinions for product aspects that appeal differently to men and women, female sentiments are likely to be overrepresented, biasing the results. Originality/value This is the first evidence that lexical sentiment analysis is less able to detect the opinions of one gender than another.

scholarly journals Do bank credit rejection and financial education affect financial self-confidence?

2017 ◽  
Vol 23 (6) ◽  
pp. 1033-1051 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernard Owens Imarhiagbe ◽  
George Saridakis ◽  
Anne-Marie Mohammed
Keyword(s):  
Financial Literacy ◽  
Financial Education ◽  
Business Owners ◽  
Bank Credit ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Self Confidence ◽  
Original Contribution ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Practical Implications

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine empirically the determinants of owner manager financial self-confidence. In particular, it estimates the effect of bank credit rejection and financial education (FE) on the financial self-confidence of business owners. Design/methodology/approach This paper uses data from 2004 and 2008 surveys of 2,500 UK small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs). An ordered probit estimation is used to measure and assess the effect of bank credit rejection and FE variables on financial self-confidence for the two periods. The authors also explore potential differences in self-confidence between males and females. Findings The results show that outright bank credit rejection reduces financial self-confidence among owner managers whereas partial bank credit rejection is found to help boost confidence prior to the financial crisis. There is strong evidence that FE increases financial self-confidence. Finally, the authors find no association between gender and reported self-confidence in finance. Research limitations/implications Entrepreneurs and potential entrepreneurs are encouraged to explore financial literacy and knowledge with a view to increasing their financial self-confidence. This will help SMEs to deal with the banks or other finance providers more efficiently. In addition, better application procedures and information on lending criteria may help SMEs to minimize the probability of bank credit rejection. So the current study has implications for professional bodies as well. The study, however, is restricted to sole proprietor and partnership SMEs and in the UK context only. Practical implications Financial self-confidence has a progressive effect on entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial venture growth. The financial self-confidence of owner managers can support their entrepreneurial capability in starting and operating one or more businesses. As entrepreneurs successfully start and operate their own businesses, they are contributing to economic development through job creation, employment and tax contribution. Originality/value This paper makes an original contribution in highlighting the usefulness of FE in boosting financial self-confidence among entrepreneurs and potential entrepreneurs. It is also found that the experience of bank credit rejection reduces entrepreneurs’ financial self-confidence.

Gender Issues in Engineering Education: What Systemizing and Empathizing Have to Do With It

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Fertig ◽  
Subha Kumpaty
Keyword(s):  
Engineering Education ◽  
Gender Issues ◽  
Fundamental Difference ◽  
Female Students ◽  
Relevant Research ◽  
Engineering Programs ◽  
University Of Cambridge ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The University

More than half of U.S. students entering college are female, but female students are still largely absent from engineering fields. The persistent absence of females in engineering may owe itself, at least in part, to a fundamental difference in cognitive approaches between males and females. Although there is a significant amount of cross-over, males are more likely than females to have a systemizing brain, which is associated with a drive to understand how the world works through the identification and creation of patterns and rules. Females are more likely to be born with an empathizing style, which lends itself to a natural aptitude for identifying others’ thoughts and emotions. This systemizing-empathizing dichotomy is based on the work of Simon Baron-Cohen at the University of Cambridge in the UK. Engineering programs are geared toward those with a higher SQ (systemizing quotient). This paper reviews relevant research on how systemizing-empathizing (S-E) theory applies to engineering education and examines current research on the reasons behind the dearth of females in engineering, finding that the contemporary engineering culture in college is also characterized by subtle forms of discrimination that systematically direct women away from engineering. Finally, some recommendations are made for how engineering programs might engage a broader base of students.

An exploratory study into the teaching of clinical examination skills in advanced practice

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (12) ◽  
pp. 712-720
Author(s):  
Tom Mallinson
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Examination ◽  
Skills Training ◽  
Undergraduate Curriculum ◽  
Advanced Practice ◽  
Core System ◽  
Allied Health Professions ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Missed Diagnoses

Clinical examination skills are vital for the accurate assessment and diagnosis of patients. These skills also allow clinicians to differentiate between pathology requiring investigation or treatment and normal anatomy or physiology. This allows clinicians to avoid unnecessary tests and to be able to reassure a patient that their symptoms do not require treatment. However, an incomplete or faulty clinical examination can lead to missed diagnoses and patient harm. Although comprehensive clinical examination skills training is provided in the undergraduate curriculum of medical schools in the UK, little is known in relation to the teaching provided for nurses and allied health professions working in advanced practice roles. This survey sought to explore this phenomenon and uncover clinicians' experiences with regard to being taught a selection of specific clinical examination skills in theory and in practice, those skills being the core system examinations (respiratory, cardiovascular and peripheral vascular, abdominal, central and peripheral nervous systems) and a number of focused examinations (digital rectal and examination, thyroid, breast and genital examination for males and females). The findings demonstrate a concerning variability of educational experiences and a lack of educational coverage of some of the basic clinical examination skills in both theoretical and practical terms. These findings provide an insight into areas of future higher education curricula development as well as workplace mentoring and learning.

Determining the age of adults of Stomoxys calcitrans (L.) (Diptera: Muscidae)

1983 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 501-525 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. S. Mail ◽  
J. Chadwick ◽  
M. J. Lehane
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Preliminary Investigation ◽  
Stomoxys Calcitrans ◽  
Standard Laboratory ◽  
Promising Candidate ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Accumulation Method

AbstractA preliminary investigation to find an easily assayable biochemical character, varying reproducibly with age which would give a more accurate assessment of insect age than the best methods then available, had revealed the fluorescent eye pigments, the pteridines, as a promising candidate. Stomoxys calcitrans (L.) was chosen as a model. Double-blind laboratory experiments in which the age post-eclosion of females was predicted from a standard laboratory curve of pteridine accumulation with age post-eclosion, showed the method to be accurate on average to ±1·49 days. Further laboratory experiments defined the relationships between temperature and pteridine accumulation in males and females of S. calcitrans such that the method could be modified for field use. Field observations in the UK indicated that the temperature of adults in the wild is determined by ambient temperature, the number of sunlight hours and the flies' own physiological and/or behavioural capabilities. From this information, equations for the accumulation of pteridines with temperature and age post-eclosion in males and females of S. calcitrans were constructed. To test the accuracy of these equations, approximately 19 600 marked flies of known age were released in a farmyard; 126 females were recaptured over 22 days and 90 males over 19 days. The average errors of predicted age using the pteridine accumulation method were ±190 days for females and ±137 days for males over the life-span of the recaptured insects.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document