scholarly journals Photocatalytic Degradation of Plastic

2021 ◽  
pp. 163-178
Author(s):  
M. Malhotra
Keyword(s):  
Photocatalytic Degradation ◽  
Rapid Growth ◽  
Environmental Concern ◽  
Marine Ecosystem ◽  
Comprehensive Review ◽  
Landfill Sites ◽  
Economic Constraints ◽  
Physical Degradation

Due to rapid growth and modernization, the consumption of plastic has increased rapidly. However, due to the non-biodegradable nature of plastics, its management and disposal have become an environmental concern. The majority of plastics end up in landfill sites or oceans through rivers which is a threat to the marine ecosystem. Plastic can remain in the environment for thousands of years furthermore due to physical degradation plastics are converted into microplastics. Current techniques of recycling plastic require a significant amount of segregation which is not feasible due to economic constraints. Photocatalyst enhances the rate of degradation using light as a source of energy hence making the process economically feasible. This chapter provides a comprehensive review focusing on plastics, its pollution and type of polymers. Further, the chapter also reviews the various research conducted for the photocatalytic degradation of plastics.

scholarly journals Assessment of Impediments and Factors Affecting Waste Management: A Case of Accra Metropolis

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clifford James Fagariba ◽  
Shaoxian Song
Keyword(s):  
Waste Management ◽  
Solid Waste Management ◽  
Environmental Concern ◽  
Household Waste ◽  
Health Issues ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Main Challenge ◽  
Main Factors ◽  
The Government ◽  
Economic Constraints

Solid waste management in Accra is a major challenge to the Metropolitan Authorities and inhabitants. The rapidly increasing population coupled with poor capacity of the municipal and private waste management companies to management waste effectively has created issues of environmental concern. Due to poor wastement managements systems, most household dispose waste discriminately leading to floods and health issues. The study showed that about 60% of household waste is organic materials which has the potential to be converted to compost for agriculture purpose. Meanwhile plastics and rubbers which litters the environment  as well as blocking major storm drains and gutters hence creating huge environmental hazard is made of 11% of the total component of most household waste generated daily. The study also revealed that among the methods of disposing waste, dumping waste in skip containers located at authorized places was the preferred means of disposing waste by household though others also dispose waste by other means such as burying and burning. Inadequate skip containers per population of household in an area coupled with irregularity of tracks picking these containers makes skip containers dumping site ugly scene, hence creating health issues. Among the constraints that impact negatively on sustainable waste management in Accra Metropolis, economic constraints was perceived as the main challenge which affect efficient waste management as currently the country is going through serious economic challenges so government does not release money timely to fund projects which waste management is key. Most donor partners that use to support the government with funds have either reduced or redrawn their services as they have no confidence in the state of Ghana economy. Aside the constrains, the study also indicated that factors such as poor public attitude towards waste management, poor enforcement of sanitation by-laws, inadequate and untimely release of government funds were also seen as the main factors affecting waste management.

scholarly journals Theoretical Exploration of the New Environmental Paradigm Scale in China

2021 ◽  
Vol 251 ◽  
pp. 02078
Author(s):  
Xiaowei Wang ◽  
Yan Sun
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Basis ◽  
Environmental Concern ◽  
Chinese Version ◽  
Measurement Tool ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
Chinese Translation ◽  
Comprehensive Review ◽  
Chinese Characteristics ◽  
Chinese Scholars ◽  
New Environmental Paradigm

The new environmental paradigm (NEP) scale is a widely used instrument to measure human concern for the environment. Since its introduction in China in 2003, Chinese scholars have begun to effectively validate and evaluate its reliability, validity, dimensionality, and applicability in the country. They have made corresponding revisions and adjustments to develop an environmental concern measurement tool with Chinese characteristics. Based on the revised version of the NEP scale’s Chinese translation, this paper carries out a comprehensive review of the version revision, validation and evaluation, and practical application. This provides a theoretical basis for developing an environmental concern scale applicable to Chinese characteristics and is of great significance for developing the Chinese version of the NEP scale.

scholarly journals Host-associated microbiomes and their roles in marine ecosystem functions

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laetitia G.E. Wilkins ◽  
Matthieu Leray ◽  
Benedict Yuen ◽  
Raquel Peixoto ◽  
Tiago J. Pereira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Activity ◽  
Rapid Growth ◽  
Host Species ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Marine Ecosystem ◽  
Research Priorities ◽  
Marine Ecosystems ◽  
Ecosystem Functions ◽  
Ecosystem Level ◽  
Future Management

The significance of mutualisms between eukaryotic hosts and microbes extends from the organismal to the ecosystem level, and mutualistic symbioses underpin the health of Earth’s most threatened marine ecosystems. Despite rapid growth in research on host-associated microbes (microbiomes), very little is known about their interactions for the vast majority of marine host species. We outline research priorities to broaden our current knowledge of host-microbiome interactions and how they shape marine ecosystems. We argue that this research frontier will allow us to predict responses of species, communities, and ecosystems to stressors driven by human activity, and inform future management and mitigation.

scholarly journals Host-associated microbiomes and their roles in marine ecosystem functions

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laetitia G.E. Wilkins ◽  
Matthieu Leray ◽  
Benedict Yuen ◽  
Raquel Peixoto ◽  
Tiago J. Pereira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Activity ◽  
Rapid Growth ◽  
Host Species ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Marine Ecosystem ◽  
Research Priorities ◽  
Marine Ecosystems ◽  
Ecosystem Functions ◽  
Ecosystem Level ◽  
Future Management

The significance of mutualisms between eukaryotic hosts and microbes extends from the organismal to the ecosystem level, and mutualistic symbioses underpin the health of Earth’s most threatened marine ecosystems. Despite rapid growth in research on host-associated microbes (microbiomes), very little is known about their interactions for the vast majority of marine host species. We outline research priorities to broaden our current knowledge of host-microbiome interactions and how they shape marine ecosystems. We argue that this research frontier will allow us to predict responses of species, communities, and ecosystems to stressors driven by human activity, and inform future management and mitigation.

scholarly journals Assessment of Impediments and Factors Affecting Waste Management: A Case of Accra Metropolis

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clifford James Fagariba ◽  
Shaoxian Song
Keyword(s):  
Waste Management ◽  
Solid Waste Management ◽  
Environmental Concern ◽  
Household Waste ◽  
Health Issues ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Main Challenge ◽  
Main Factors ◽  
The Government ◽  
Economic Constraints

Solid waste management in Accra is a major challenge to the Metropolitan Authorities and inhabitants. The rapidly increasing population coupled with poor capacity of the municipal and private waste management companies to management waste effectively has created issues of environmental concern. Due to poor waste managements systems, most household dispose waste indiscriminately leading to floods and health issues. The study showed that about 60% of household waste is organic materials which has the potential to be converted to compost for agriculture purpose. Meanwhile plastics and rubbers which litters the environment as well as blocking major storm drains and gutters hence creating huge environmental hazard is made of 11% of the total component of most household waste generated daily. The study also revealed that among the methods of disposing waste, dumping waste in skip containers located at authorized places was the preferred means of disposing waste by household though others also dispose waste by other means such as burying and burning. Inadequate skip containers per population of household in an area coupled with irregularity of tracks picking these containers makes skip containers dumping site ugly scene, hence creating health issues. Among the constraints that impact negatively on sustainable waste management in Accra Metropolis, economic constraints was perceived as the main challenge which affect efficient waste management. Currently the country is going through serious economic challenges so government does not release money timely to fund projects which waste management is key. Most donor partners that use to support the government with funds have either reduced or redrawn their services as they have no confidence in the state of Ghana economy. Aside the constrains, the study also indicated that factors such as poor public attitude towards waste management, poor enforcement of sanitation by-laws, inadequate and untimely release of government funds were also seen as the main factors affecting waste management.

Removing Substrate Background in TEM Microanalysis

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 568-569
Author(s):  
John C. Russ ◽  
Nicholas C. Barbi
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Rapid Growth ◽  
Organic Film ◽  
Absolute Concentration ◽  
Background Signal ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Elemental Concentrations ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Electron Microscopes ◽  
The Continuum

The rapid growth of interest in attaching energy-dispersive x-ray analysis systems to transmission electron microscopes has centered largely on microanalysis of biological specimens. These are frequently either embedded in plastic or supported by an organic film, which is of great importance as regards stability under the beam since it provides thermal and electrical conductivity from the specimen to the grid.Unfortunately, the supporting medium also produces continuum x-radiation or Bremsstrahlung, which is added to the x-ray spectrum from the sample. It is not difficult to separate the characteristic peaks from the elements in the specimen from the total continuum background, but sometimes it is also necessary to separate the continuum due to the sample from that due to the support. For instance, it is possible to compute relative elemental concentrations in the sample, without standards, based on the relative net characteristic elemental intensities without regard to background; but to calculate absolute concentration, it is necessary to use the background signal itself as a measure of the total excited specimen mass.

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