Analysis of the Change of Pupil Diameter during Cognitive Conflict caused by Discrepant Event

Over the last decade, there have been many suggestions to improve how scientists answer their questions, but far fewer attempt to improve the questions scientists are asking in the first place. The goal of the paper is then to examine and summarize synthesize the evidence on how to ask the best questions possible. First is a brief review of the philosophical and empirical literature on how the best science is done, which implicitly but not explicitly mentions the role of psychology and especially cognitive conflict. Then we more closely focus on the psychology of the scientist, finding that they are humans, engaged in a meaning making process, and that cognitive conflict is a necessary input for any learning or change in the system. The scientific method is, of course, a specialized meaning making process. We present evidence for this central role of cognitive conflict in science by examining the most discussed scientific papers between 2013 and 2017, which are, in general, controversial and about big problems (e.g., whether vaccines cause autism, how often doctors kill us with their mistakes). Toward the end we discuss the role of science in society, suggesting science itself is an uncertainty reducing and problem solving enterprise. From this basis we encourage scientists to take riskier stances on bigger topics, for the good of themselves and society generally.

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Sources of cognitive conflict and their relevance to Theory of Mind proficiency in healthy ageing. A preregistered study.

10.31234/osf.io/mzv5u ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Foyzul Rahman ◽

Sabrina Javed ◽

Ian Apperly ◽

Peter Hansen ◽

Carol Holland ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Theory Of Mind ◽

Executive Control ◽

Spatial Working Memory ◽

Age Groups ◽

Response Speed ◽

Cognitive Conflict ◽

Mental States ◽

Younger Adults ◽

Age Related ◽

Outcome Knowledge

Age-related decline in Theory of Mind (ToM) may be due to waning executive control, which is necessary for resolving conflict when reasoning about others’ mental states. We assessed how older (OA; n=50) versus younger adults (YA; n=50) were affected by three theoretically relevant sources of conflict within ToM: competing Self-Other perspectives; competing cued locations and outcome knowledge. We examined which best accounted for age-related difficulty with ToM. Our data show unexpected similarity between age groups when representing a belief incongruent with one’s own. Individual differences in attention and motor response speed best explained the degree of conflict experienced through conflicting Self-Other perspectives. However, OAs were disproportionately affected by managing conflict between cued locations. Age and spatial working memory were most relevant for predicting the magnitude of conflict elicited by conflicting cued locations. We suggest that previous studies may have underestimated OA’s ToM proficiency by including unnecessary conflict in ToM tasks.

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Analisis Keterlaksanaan Cognitive Conflict dalam Model Inkuiri Terbimbing dan Pengaruhnya terhadap KemampuanBerpikir Tingkat Tinggi Siswa pada Materi Laju Reaksi

Edu-Sains: Jurnal Pendidikan Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam ◽

10.22437/jmpmipa.v6i1.5269 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 19-24

Author(s):

Roni Saputra ◽

Syamsurizal Syamsurizal ◽

Dwi Wiwik Ernawati

Keyword(s):

Cognitive Conflict ◽

Purposive Sampling

Abstrak Telah dilakukan penelitian tentang keterlaksanaan tahap cognitive conflict dalam model Inkuiri terbimbing pada materi laju reaksi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan keterlaksanaan cognitive conflict dalam model inkuiri terbimbing dan pengarunya terhadap kemampuan berpikir tingkat tinggi siswa pada materi laju reaksi. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian Pre-Eksperimental dengan desain penelitian yang digunakan adalah One Group Pretest-Posttest. Pemilihan subjek dilakukan dengan cara purposive sampling berdasarkan pertimbangan hasil tes awal pada materi termokimia, dimana 12 siswa dengan nilai tertinggi pada kelas XI IPA 4 SMAN 10 Kota Jambi dijadikan subjek penelitian. Instrumen penelitian terdiri dari lembar observasi dengan hasil keseluruhan persentase aktivitas keterlaksanaan oleh guru 73% dengan kriteria baik. Kemudian hasil keterlaksanaan tahap cognitve conflict dalam model inkuiri terbimbing oleh siswa sebesar 75,13% dengan kategori baik, serta hasil posttest memiliki rata-rata 76, sehingga korelasi menunjukkan nilai signifikansi 0,174>0,05 yang berarti terdapat korelasi yang signifikan antara dua variabel, yaitu Ha diterima. Sehingga terdapat pengaruh pembelajaran menggunakan model inkuiri terbimbing dengan penambahan tahap cognitive conflict terhadap kemampuan berpikir tingkat tinggi siswa.

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Experimental Analysis of Driver Visual Characteristics in Urban Tunnels

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app11094274 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (9) ◽

pp. 4274

Author(s):

Song Fang ◽

Jianxiao Ma

Keyword(s):

Traffic Safety ◽

Clustering Algorithm ◽

Pupil Diameter ◽

Data Fitting ◽

Eye Tracker ◽

Tunnel Length ◽

Point Distribution ◽

Change Rate ◽

Visual Characteristics ◽

Diameter Change

Through an urban tunnel-driving experiment, this paper studies the changing trend of drivers’ visual characteristics in tunnels. A Tobii Pro Glasses 2 wearable eye tracker was used to measure pupil diameter, scanning time, and fixation point distribution of the driver during driving. A two-step clustering algorithm and the data-fitting method were used to analyze the experimental data. The results show that the univariate clustering analysis of the pupil diameter change rate of drivers has poor discrimination because the pupil diameter change rate of drivers in the process of “dark adaptation” is larger, while the pupil diameter change rate of drivers in the process of “bright adaptation” is relatively smooth. The univariate and bivariate clustering results of drivers’ pupil diameters were all placed into three categories, with reasonable distribution and suitable differentiation. The clustering results accurately corresponded to different locations of the tunnel. The clustering method proposed in this paper can identify similar behaviors of drivers at different locations in the transition section at the tunnel entrance, the inner section, and the outer area of the tunnel. Through data-fitting of drivers’ visual characteristic parameters in different tunnels, it was found that a short tunnel, with a length of less than 1 km, has little influence on visual characteristics when the maximum pupil diameter is small, and the percentage of saccades is relatively low. An urban tunnel with a length between 1 and 2 km has a significant influence on visual characteristics. In this range, with the increase in tunnel length, the maximum pupil diameter increases significantly, and the percentage of saccades increases rapidly. When the tunnel length exceeds 2 km, the maximum pupil diameter does not continue to increase. The longer the urban tunnel, the more discrete the distribution of drivers’ gaze points. The research results should provide a scientific basis for the design of urban tunnel traffic safety facilities and traffic organization.

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The role of dyadic interactions between CEOs, chairs and owners in family firm governance

Journal of Management & Governance ◽

10.1007/s10997-020-09561-7 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Hanna Maria Sievinen ◽

Tuuli Ikäheimonen ◽

Timo Pihkala

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Cognitive Conflict ◽

Family Firm ◽

Dyadic Interaction ◽

Dyadic Interactions ◽

Board Processes ◽

Governance Process ◽

Back Stage ◽

Firm Owners

AbstractThe objective of this case-based study is to understand how the dyadic interaction between the key governance actors can influence the decision-making aimed at directing and controlling a family firm. The study provides evidence that dyadic interaction at the back stage of the formal governance process can offer a privileged position for the family firm owners who serve on the board, and the non-family member Chair of the Board, to influence decision-making before, after and between board meetings. The cases studied suggest that dyadic interactions can serve as preparation for formal board processes and complement and clarify them, yet they also have the potential to conflict with them. Dyadic interaction is also shown to offer important relational and emotional benefits that may not necessarily be achieved through larger group interaction. The findings suggest that although the actors can self-regulate their behaviour through informal rules, the rules may imperfectly address one risk of dyadic interaction—the reduced cognitive conflict among the board.

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