scholarly journals The role of the Francisco Javier Clavijero Botanic Garden (Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico) in the conservation of the Mexican flora

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milton Díaz-Toribio ◽  
Victor Luna ◽  
Andrew Vovides
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Threatened Species ◽  
Cloud Forest ◽  
Vascular Plant ◽  
Plant Conservation ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Botanic Gardens ◽  
Botanic Garden ◽  
Threatened Plant ◽  
Threatened Plant Species

Background and Aims: There are approximately 3000 botanic gardens in the world. These institutions cultivate approximately six million plant species, representing around 100,000 taxa in cultivation. Botanic gardens make an important contribution to ex situ conservation with a high number of threatened plant species represented in their collections. To show how the Francisco Javier Clavijero Botanic Garden (JBC) contributes to the conservation of Mexican flora, we asked the following questions: 1) How is vascular plant diversity currently conserved in the JBC?, 2) How well is this garden performing with respect to the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (GSPC) and the Mexican Strategy for Plant Conservation (MSPC)?, and 3) How has the garden’s scientific collection contributed to the creation of new knowledge (description of new plant species)?Methods: We used data from the JBC scientific living collection stored in BG-BASE. We gathered information on species names, endemism, and endangered status, according to national and international policies, and field data associated with each species. Key results: We found that 12% of the species in the JBC collection is under some risk category by international and Mexican laws. Plant families with the highest numbers of threatened species were Zamiaceae, Orchidaceae, Arecaceae, and Asparagaceae. We also found that Ostrya mexicana, Tapirira mexicana, Oreopanax capitatus, O. echinops, and O. xalapensis are highly threatened species representative of cloud forest currently in the collection. Conclusions: The conservation and scientific utility of the JBC collection is reflected in the exceptional accession data and the description of 24 new plant species. Having a significant number of threatened plant species in its ex situ collection, the JBC contributes to the implementation of the GSPC, particularly Target 8, as well as the implementation of the MSPC.

scholarly journals Conservation of threatened plant species in botanic garden reserves in Brazil

Oryx ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 108-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Lúcia M. N. da Costa ◽  
Peter Wyse Jackson ◽  
Ricardo Avancini Fernandes ◽  
Ariane Luna Peixoto
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Threatened Species ◽  
In Situ Conservation ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Conservation Strategies ◽  
Botanic Gardens ◽  
Threatened Plant Species ◽  
Integrated Conservation ◽  
Scientific Value

AbstractOver the last few decades botanic gardens worldwide have been encouraged to adopt complementary measures for the conservation of plant species from their own regions, combining in situ conservation efforts with ex situ methods, both in cultivation and in storage. This integrated approach is particularly important for botanic gardens in the tropics, which face the challenge of conserving a highly diverse and often threatened flora. We gathered information on the occurrence of threatened species in the natural vegetation reserves of 21 Brazilian botanic gardens. The data were collected from herbarium records in the database of the National Centre for Flora Conservation, and from the available plant inventories of these reserves. The results indicate that 148 species from the List of Threatened Species of Brazilian Flora are recorded as having been collected in the reserves. Of these, 51 species were maintained in the living collections of 18 botanic gardens and 83 species were recorded in federally protected areas. The occurrence of threatened species in the reserves of botanic gardens highlights the scientific value of these areas, as well as their biological, social and cultural importance for conservation. The results may be used to inform the planning of integrated conservation strategies for threatened species.

scholarly journals An analysis of Species Conservation Action Plans in Guinea

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charlotte Couch ◽  
Denise Molmou ◽  
Sékou Magassouba ◽  
Saïdou Doumbouya ◽  
Mamadou Diawara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Threatened Species ◽  
Species Conservation ◽  
Iucn Red List ◽  
Red List ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Action Plans ◽  
Conservation Action ◽  
Threatened Plant ◽  
Threatened Plant Species

AbstractTo achieve conservation success, we need to support the recovery of threatened species. Yet, <5% of plant species listed as threatened on the IUCN Red List have Species Conservation Action Plans (CAPs). If we are to move from a Red List to a Green List for threatened plant species, CAPs need to be devised and implemented. Guinea is one of the most botanically diverse countries in West Africa. Recent research found that nearly 4000 vascular plants occur in Guinea, a 30% increase from previous estimates. 273 of these plant species are now assessed as threatened with global extinction. There is increasing pressure on the environment from the extractive industry and a growing population. In parallel with implementation of an Important Plant Area programme in Guinea, CAPs were developed for 20 threatened plant species. These plans elaborate conservation efforts needed first to safeguard threatened species both in situ and ex situ and then to support their recovery. We document the approach used to assemble the Species Conservation Action Plans, and we discuss the importance of having up to date field information, IUCN Red List assessments, and use of a collaborative approach. The need for these plans is increasingly important with recent calculations suggesting a third of African plants are threatened with extinction. This paper outlines initial detailed plant conservation planning in Guinea and offers a template for conservation practitioners in other tropical African countries to follow.

Are listed threatened plant species actually at risk?

2002 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark A. Burgman
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Threatened Species ◽  
Feedback Loop ◽  
Conservation Status ◽  
The State ◽  
Scarce Resources ◽  
Threatened Plant ◽  
Threatened Plant Species ◽  
Legal Mandates ◽  
State Of The Environment

Despite the fact that the most changes in lists of threatened species reflect changes in knowledge rather than changes in conservation status, the lists continue to provide social and legal mandates for conservation; they are used to report on the state of the environment and to guide the allocation of scarce resources. There is a substantial under-representation of non-vascular species in threatened plant lists, reflected in an absence of documented extinctions among fungi and algae. Turnover in the composition of extinct flora lists in Australia suggests that the lists of threatened species may not be sufficiently reliable to form the basis for reporting on the state of the environment. They are of limited use in distinguishing between levels of threat and may not be a reliable guide for the allocation of scarce conservation resources among plant species. Systems for listing threatened species create a feedback loop, responsive to the subjective preferences of scientists, largely unresponsive to underlying true threats, self-perpetuating and accentuating bias with each iteration. Other tools, including formal decision approaches and the acquisition of new kinds of data, are needed to fill the roles.

scholarly journals Building a Global System for the Conservation of all Plant Diversity

2016 ◽  
pp. 5-13
Author(s):  
Paul Smith
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Plant Diversity ◽  
Plant Conservation ◽  
Professional Community ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Global Network ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Botanic Gardens ◽  
Global System ◽  
Wide Range

Botanic gardens and arboreta offer the opportunity to conserve and manage a wide range of plant diversity ex situ, and in situ in the broader landscape. The rationale that botanic gardens have a major role to play in preventing plant species extinctions is based on the assumptions that (1) there is no technical reason why any plant species should become extinct, and (2) that, as a professional community, botanic gardens possess a unique set of skills that encompass finding, identifying, collecting, conserving and growing plant diversity across the entire taxonomic spectrum. Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI) is the pivotal centre of a global network of c. 2,600 botanic gardens and arboreta, which includes living collections representing at least one-third of known plant diversity; world class seed banks, glasshouses and tissue culture infrastructures; and technical knowledge networks covering all aspects of plant conservation. Following the example of the crop conservation community, BGCI is promoting the concept of a cost-effective, rational,botanic garden-centred Global System for the conservation and management of plant diversity.This system will aim to collect, conserve, characterise and cultivate samples from all of the world’s rare and threatened plants as an insurance policy against their extinction in the wild and as a source of plant material for human innovation, adaptation and resilience.

Ex situ conservation of threatened plant species in island biodiversity hotspots: A case study from Hawai‘i

2020 ◽  
Vol 243 ◽  
pp. 108435 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leland K. Werden ◽  
Nellie C. Sugii ◽  
Lauren Weisenberger ◽  
Matthew J. Keir ◽  
Gregory Koob ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Ex Situ Conservation ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Biodiversity Hotspots ◽  
Threatened Plant ◽  
Threatened Plant Species ◽  
Island Biodiversity

In-situ and ex situ pollination biology of the four threatened plant species and the significance for conservation

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 381-391
Author(s):  
Rong Tang ◽  
Ying Li ◽  
Yulin Xu ◽  
Johann Schinnerl ◽  
Weibang Sun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Pollination Biology ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Threatened Plant ◽  
Threatened Plant Species

Conservation meets restoration – rescuing threatened plant species by restoring their environments and restoring environments using threatened plant species

2016 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 262-275 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergei Volis
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Conservation Biology ◽  
Restoration Ecology ◽  
Habitat Restoration ◽  
Plant Conservation ◽  
Natural Habitats ◽  
Conceptual Integration ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Threatened Plant ◽  
Threatened Plant Species

Plant conservation biology needs a new approach to cope with the rapid disappearance of species and ecosystems. This paper is an attempt to introduce such an approach via conceptual integration of conservation biology and restoration ecology in what can be called conservation-oriented restoration. Use of this term is limited to cases when restoration is applied to a still-functioning ecosystem, excluding cases when the destroyed ecosystem must be recreated or altered to a desirable state. The paper demonstrates the importance of habitat restoration for the majority of threatened species, and, although it may seem paradoxical, advocates usefulness of threatened plant species for restoration of natural habitats. It is proposed that threatened plant species should become an important part of many restoration projects and be introduced not only into locations where they currently grow or grew in the recent past, but also into suitable locations within their potential distribution range. Because the number of potentially suitable locations can be close to zero if we consider only untouched natural habitats as suitable, the introduction sites should include those that require restoration efforts. The available literature is reviewed to show why and how ecological restoration should become an integral part of the conservation biologist's armory.

Using bioregional variation in fire history and fire response attributes as a basis for managing threatened flora in a fire-prone Mediterranean climate biodiversity hotspot

2018 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erica Shedley ◽  
Neil Burrows ◽  
Colin J. Yates ◽  
David J. Coates
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Threatened Species ◽  
Fire History ◽  
Fire Regimes ◽  
Biodiversity Hotspot ◽  
Fire Response ◽  
Relative Level ◽  
Threatened Plant ◽  
Threatened Plant Species ◽  
In Fire

Inappropriate fire-regimes brought about by patterns of human settlement and land-use threaten plant diversity in Mediterranean-type climate (MTC) regions. In south-west Western Australia (SWWA), where there are many threatened plant species distributed across a range of human-modified landscapes, there is a need for approaches to identify where the threat is greatest. This requires knowledge of contemporary fire regimes, how they vary across landscapes, and the sensitivity of threatened species to these regimes. Currently, this information is lacking, and this limits strategic fire management. In this study we compiled fire response information for SWWA’s threatened plant species and undertook a bioregional assessment of variation in fire interval over the last 40 years. We determined the fire response traits of 242 (60%) of the region’s 401 extant threatened species. Over half of the 242 species were obligate seeders and will therefore have population dynamics particularly sensitive to fire interval. Our study highlights large differences in fire interval across nine bioregions in SWWA. The differences were greatest for the heavily cleared and fragmented bioregions compared with more continuously vegetated bioregions. We discuss how variations in the frequency of fire life-history traits and fire interval interact to determine the nature and relative level of threat posed by fire in these landscapes. Survival of many populations of threatened flora in this biodiversity hotspot will depend on developing appropriate fire regimes that match the regeneration requirements of each species.

scholarly journals Botanic gardens, education, and orchid conservation strategies: the need for a coordinated approach

Lankesteriana ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Mirenda
Keyword(s):  
Plant Conservation ◽  
Global Strategy ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Conservation Strategies ◽  
Botanic Gardens ◽  
Botanic Garden ◽  
Orchid Conservation ◽  
Public Garden ◽  
Para Determinar

Se ha escuchado a nivel mundial el llamado para la conservación de orquídeas, por parte de científicos, profesionales de horticultura, propagadores comerciales y los apasionados entusiastas privados, todos con diferentes opiniones sobre la manera para atacar este problema global. Las noticias han sido desalentadoras en relación al calentamiento global, destrucción de hábitat, desplazamiento de poblaciones nativas por parte de agresivas, exóticas e insostenibles depredaciones /cosechas de plantas y los esfuerzos impotentes para hacer cumplir las protecciones legales. Se han dedicado muchas ideas y esfuerzos para determinar estrategias específicas para la conservación de orquídeas, incluyendo la protección al hábitat, la compra y preservación de los “puntos calientes,” así como las tendencias hacia la creación de reservas hortícolas, tanto nativas (reservas de los Jardines de Lankester, Fundación EcoMinga, Ecuagenera) y ex situ (jardines de orquídeas en Hawái, colecciones bajo vidrio, etc.). Tácticas como un banco de semillas, tecnología ADN, esfuerzos de propagación ex situ, así como eventuales reintroducciones, inherentemente dependen de recursos y propiedades de jardines botánicos y cultivadores comerciales responsables. Es este tipo de trabajo de horticultura el que ha salvado a otros géneros que no corresponden a las orquídeas, tales como Franklinia, Torreya, Wollemia, y especies de orquídeas como Paphiopedilum vietnamense, Epidendrum ilense, y Angraecum longicalcar de la extinción. Los jardines botánicos unidos bajo ciertas organizaciones como la Asociación Americana de Jardines Públicos (American Public Garden Association - APGA) y Jardines Botánicos para la Conservación Internacional (Botanic Garden Conservation International - BGCI), necesitan de una mayor cooperación y coordinación para el éxito de sus esfuerzos para la conservación de plantas. Además, es un aspecto crítico que los jardines botánicos se conecten con la comunidad científica (y viceversa), especialmente aquellos que mejor pueden asesorar sobreaquellas especies más amenazadas. Si las colecciones van a ser utilizadas en forma óptima, las sociedades científicas y de horticultura deben estar más conscientes de sus respectivos activos y prioridades. En el Primer Congreso Internacional para la Conservación de Orquídeas (International Orchid Conservation Congress - IOCC), se adoptaron cuatro resoluciones de la Estrategia Global para la Conservación de Plantas (Global Strategy for Plant Conservation – GSPC en inglés): 1): el 90% de todas las orquídeas amenazadas deberían ser asegurada en colecciones ex situ; 2) el 50% debería constar en programas para su recuperación activa; 3) Se debe considerar que las orquídeas están amenazadas cuando su cosecha no es sostenible; y 4) Para el año 2010, cada niño y niña debe estar consciente de lo que es la diversidad de plantas (incluyendo a las orquídeas). ¿C.mo podemos evaluar si se está logrando el progreso hacia estos admirables objetivos sin que exista una entidad que unifique y que pueda recopilar el progreso, la información y el grado de éxitos alcanzado? Al ver el esfuerzo desplegado en tantos lugares separados, es indudable que se necesita urgentemente este tipo de entidad. Constituye la meta de muchos jardines botánicos y una meta específica del Instituto Smithsoniano, el promover la diseminación de conocimientos y comprensión. Con este fin en mente, el anterior objetivo #4 constituye una particular prioridad. A pesar de que alcanzar la meta del 100% de conciencia compartida en relación a la diversidad de plantas para el año 2010, hemos iniciado un proyecto que nos permita comprender y finalmente corregir el llamado síndrome de “Ceguera relativa a las Plantas,” bajo el cual la persona promedio no considera que las plantas son seres vivientes (en el mismo sentido de los animales). Mediante el uso de encuestas y entrevistas personales, se está analizando este síndrome generalizado y penetrante para determinar sus caracter.sticas demográficas, hombre/ mujer, urbano/rural, jóvenes/ viejos, etc. Es imperativo para los educadores que identifiquen la edad en la cual dichas actitudes empiezan a introducirse en la psiquis de los jóvenes. Es necesario aplicar ciertas técnicas que permitan elevar el grado de conciencia de los individuos de todas las edades en relación a la importancia de la diversidad de las plantas y su conservación. Esto puede tomar la forma de presentaciones, exposición a especies representativas, paseos de campo y otras oportunidades educativas, que permitan cultivar un enfoque mental que comprenda y a la final proteja el mundo natural. 

scholarly journals Genetic diversity in threatened plant species Alnus nitida (Spach.) Endel

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 314-318
Author(s):  
Muhammad Khalil Ullah Khan ◽  
Noor Muhammad ◽  
Nisar Uddin ◽  
Niaz Ali ◽  
Muhammad Umer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Sodium Dodecyl ◽  
Plant Conservation ◽  
Protein Characterization ◽  
Threatened Plant ◽  
Threatened Plant Species ◽  
Sds Page ◽  
Species Specific

Alnus nitida (Spach) Endl. is an ethnobotanically important threatened plant species. The genetic diversity among the 50 different genotypes of Alnus nitida was carried out using sodium dodecyl sulfate poly acrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) characterization. A considerable amount of genetic diversity (90%) was observed among the genotypes of A. nitida. The protein characterization was carried out on 12% gel electrophoresis. A total of 10 protein bands were detected in A. nitida genotypes. SDS-PAGE procedure is a useful method for the investigation of both genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationship. Especially, B-5 was monomorphic in A. nitida genotypes and was considered as species specific. All other bands/loci were polymorphic. These polymorphic bands displayed 12, 16, 72, 88, 2, 44, 84, 54 and 12 percent variation respectively. In the present examination, the high intra-specific diversity was observed representing SDS-PAGE is a powerful tool for determining the genetically diverse germplasms in A. nitida. The results obtained by this study could be helpful in the identification and selection of desired genotypes of Alnus nitida for conservation programmes in future. Today, there is still a need to assess genetic variation and protect genetic resources, especially of wild species for prospective benefits in plant conservation programmes.

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