Assessing the Needs of the Elderly: State of the Art

1980 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Virginia C. Little
Keyword(s):  
Data Base ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Professional Role ◽  
The State ◽  
Role Relationship ◽  
Statistical Measures ◽  
Common Problems ◽  
Definition Of

Need is a multi-faceted, multi-dimensional concept. National and international efforts to assess the needs of the elderly confront common problems: lack of an accepted definition of terms such as “need,” “want” and “demand;” perceptions which vary with age, professional role, relationship and time; a range of methodologies encompassing rational, empirical and relativistic approaches, as well as subjective, objective and statistical measures. Research instruments are being refined and shared, but the state of the art remains in its infancy. Use of index of incapacity measures appears to offer the best data base for planning needed services.

Computer-assisted database indexing: the state-of-the-art

1994 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-27
Author(s):  
Gail M. Hodge
Keyword(s):  
Data Base ◽  
Production System ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
The State ◽  
Computer Support ◽  
Computer Assisted ◽  
Computer Assistance ◽  
The Future ◽  
Database Indexing ◽  
Operational Systems

Discusses the state-of-the-art in computer indexing, defines indexing and computer assistance, describes the reasons for renewed interest, identifies the types of computer support in use using selected operational systems, describes the integration of various computer supports in one data base production system, and speculates on the future.

Visual Saliency and Perceptual Quality Assessment of 3D Meshes

2018 ◽  
pp. 38-115
Author(s):  
Anass Nouri ◽  
Christophe Charrier ◽  
Olivier Lezoray
Keyword(s):  
Quality Assessment ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Saliency Detection ◽  
Visual Saliency ◽  
Ground Truth ◽  
The State ◽  
Perceptual Quality ◽  
Adaptive Smoothing ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Mesh Database

This chapter concerns the visual saliency and the perceptual quality assessment of 3D meshes. Firstly, the chapter proposes a definition of visual saliency and describes the state-of-the-art methods for its detection on 3D mesh surfaces. A focus is made on a recent model of visual saliency detection for 3D colored and non-colored meshes whose results are compared with a ground-truth saliency as well as with the literature's methods. Since this model is able to estimate the visual saliency on 3D colored meshes, named colorimetric saliency, a description of the construction of a 3D colored mesh database that was used to assess its relevance is presented. The authors also describe three applications of the detailed model that respond to the problems of viewpoint selection, adaptive simplification and adaptive smoothing. Secondly, two perceptual quality assessment metrics for 3D non-colored meshes are described, analyzed, and compared with the state-of-the-art approaches.

Developing the State-of-the-Art Space Suit

2020 ◽  
pp. 15-34
Author(s):  
Bill Ayrey
Keyword(s):  
High Altitude ◽  
Air Force ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
The State ◽  
Space Suit ◽  
Definition Of

What is the definition of a space suit? This chapter explains and chronicles the development of the model XMC2-ILC pressure suit for the early U.S. Air Force high-altitude aircraft.

12. PIDGINS AND CREOLES AS MODELS OF LANGUAGE CHANGE: THE STATE OF THE ART

2003 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
pp. 202-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
John H. McWhorter
Keyword(s):  
Language Change ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
The State ◽  
Generative Syntax ◽  
Distinct Process ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Creole English

The interface between creole studies and language change has been a tumultuous area since the late 1990s. Evidence has been found confirming that children created Hawaiian Creole English; the “decreolization” approach to the creole continuum has become largely obsolete; work on creoles and grammaticalization has expanded beyond its former concentration on Tok Pisin; creolists working within the generative syntax tradition have questioned whether creolization is a distinct process at all; other work argues that creoles are synchronically as well as sociohistorically definable; and the very centrality of plantation contexts' sociology to creole genesis has been questioned. Concepts often taken as assumptions ten years ago are now widely questioned, even the very definition of creole itself.

scholarly journals A Review of Toxins from Cnidaria

Marine Drugs ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (10) ◽  
pp. 507 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabella D’Ambra ◽  
Chiara Lauritano
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
Skin Irritation ◽  
The State ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Lethal Effects ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Available Information

Cnidarians have been known since ancient times for the painful stings they induce to humans. The effects of the stings range from skin irritation to cardiotoxicity and can result in death of human beings. The noxious effects of cnidarian venoms have stimulated the definition of their composition and their activity. Despite this interest, only a limited number of compounds extracted from cnidarian venoms have been identified and defined in detail. Venoms extracted from Anthozoa are likely the most studied, while venoms from Cubozoa attract research interests due to their lethal effects on humans. The investigation of cnidarian venoms has benefited in very recent times by the application of omics approaches. In this review, we propose an updated synopsis of the toxins identified in the venoms of the main classes of Cnidaria (Hydrozoa, Scyphozoa, Cubozoa, Staurozoa and Anthozoa). We have attempted to consider most of the available information, including a summary of the most recent results from omics and biotechnological studies, with the aim to define the state of the art in the field and provide a background for future research.

scholarly journals A review of the state-of-the-art in automatic post-editing

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Félix do Carmo ◽  
Dimitar Shterionov ◽  
Joss Moorkens ◽  
Joachim Wagner ◽  
Murhaf Hossari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Machine Translation ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
The State ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Translation Systems

AbstractThis article presents a review of the evolution of automatic post-editing, a term that describes methods to improve the output of machine translation systems, based on knowledge extracted from datasets that include post-edited content. The article describes the specificity of automatic post-editing in comparison with other tasks in machine translation, and it discusses how it may function as a complement to them. Particular detail is given in the article to the five-year period that covers the shared tasks presented in WMT conferences (2015–2019). In this period, discussion of automatic post-editing evolved from the definition of its main parameters to an announced demise, associated with the difficulties in improving output obtained by neural methods, which was then followed by renewed interest. The article debates the role and relevance of automatic post-editing, both as an academic endeavour and as a useful application in commercial workflows.

scholarly journals Retrofit of Residential Buildings in Europe

Designs ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giuliana Scuderi
Keyword(s):  
Best Practices ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
The State ◽  
Data Sheet ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Leading Role ◽  
New Models ◽  
Definition Of

Recently, many cities in Europe are encouraging the recovery of the existing residential heritage. To maximize the benefits of these campaigns, a multi-purpose campaign of architectural, functional, and structural retrofit is essential. Additionally, a fast-changing society requires new living criteria; new models need to be developed to respond to the developing requirements of communities and markets. This paper proposes a method of analysis for 49 residential retrofit projects, a range of “best practices” presented through the definition of strategies, and actions and thematic packages, aiming at reassuming, in a systematic way, the complex panorama of the state of the art in Europe. Each project was analyzed using a data sheet, while synoptic views and tables provided key interpretations and a panorama of strategies and approaches. The analysis of the state of the art showed that lightweight interventions achieved using dry stratified construction technologies of structure/cladding/finishing are a widespread approach to renovation and requalification both for superficial/two-dimensional actions and volumetric/spatial actions. The study also highlights the leading role of the envelope within retrofit interventions. The retrofit approaches appear to reach the greatest efficiency when reversible, because only in this way do they ensure environmentally friendly actions with the possibility of dismantling. The intervention should improve the flexibility of the existing construction with a correct balance between planning for the present and planning for the future.

scholarly journals Applying Self-Supervised Learning to Medicine: Review of the State of the Art and Medical Implementations

Informatics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 59
Author(s):  
Alexander Chowdhury ◽  
Jacob Rosenthal ◽  
Jonathan Waring ◽  
Renato Umeton
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Supervised Learning ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
The State ◽  
Unlabeled Data ◽  
Data Repositories ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Complex Models ◽  
Definition Of

Machine learning has become an increasingly ubiquitous technology, as big data continues to inform and influence everyday life and decision-making. Currently, in medicine and healthcare, as well as in most other industries, the two most prevalent machine learning paradigms are supervised learning and transfer learning. Both practices rely on large-scale, manually annotated datasets to train increasingly complex models. However, the requirement of data to be manually labeled leaves an excess of unused, unlabeled data available in both public and private data repositories. Self-supervised learning (SSL) is a growing area of machine learning that can take advantage of unlabeled data. Contrary to other machine learning paradigms, SSL algorithms create artificial supervisory signals from unlabeled data and pretrain algorithms on these signals. The aim of this review is two-fold: firstly, we provide a formal definition of SSL, divide SSL algorithms into their four unique subsets, and review the state of the art published in each of those subsets between the years of 2014 and 2020. Second, this work surveys recent SSL algorithms published in healthcare, in order to provide medical experts with a clearer picture of how they can integrate SSL into their research, with the objective of leveraging unlabeled data.

scholarly journals The Hypothesis of Change from Above in the History of English: State of the Art and Perspectives

2019 ◽  
Vol 54 (s1) ◽  
pp. 251-266
Author(s):  
Nikolaos Lavidas
Keyword(s):  
Language Change ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
The State ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Linguistic Ideology ◽  
Anglo Norman ◽  
New Directions ◽  
History Of ◽  
Definition Of

AbstractThe present paper presents the state of the art of research related to hypothesized changes from above in the diachrony of English. A main aim of the paper is to show how the cooperation of various perspectives can open new directions in the research of language change. We examine the main aspects of a definition of the change from above. We investigate the various perspectives through which the concept of change from above, as an “importation of elements from other systems” (Labov 2007), has been considered a significant factor for the development of English. We show that any attempt to investigate the presence or role of change from above includes the parameters of prestige, distribution of old and new forms, diffusion, gender, and linguistic ideology. Finally, we discuss typical examples of development of patterns and characteristics of English that have been analyzed as influenced by change from above, as well as the prestige dialects / languages and contexts that have been regarded as facilitating a hypothesized change from above (Latin, Anglo-Norman, standardization, prescriptivism, networks and individuals). We argue that the articles of the present special issue provide stable criteria that are required in any attempt to test the hypothesis of change from above in the development of English.

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