Women's Emancipation and Socialism: The Case of the People's Republic of Poland

1976 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Magdalena Sokolowska
Keyword(s):  
Working Conditions ◽  
Vocational Counseling ◽  
Access To Education ◽  
Or Education ◽  
Socialization Process ◽  
Critical Determinant ◽  
Occupational Position ◽  
Similar Work ◽  
Time Work ◽  
Part Time

Determinants of occupational position in Poland, as elsewhere, include the socialization process, access to education, and the employment structure. The socialization process includes the domestic pattern of division of labor, occupational models encountered in person and in the various media, and parental and social pressures, including vocational counseling. Educational access is a critical determinant of the extent and type of participation in the labor force as well as attitudes toward work. Although Poland has made major attempts to improve the socialization process and access by type of program, disparities are still encountered in pay received for similar work, and for work in positions that cannot be explained by differences in productivity or education. Employment policies being undertaken or considered include measures to improve working conditions and occupational position, to socialize a larger number of “domestic” tasks, and to provide more flexibility via part-time work and longer maternity leaves.

scholarly journals Arbeidsvoorwaarden en de gewenste pensioenleeftijd

2011 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marianne van Zwieten ◽  
Jan Fekke Ybema ◽  
Goedele Geuskens
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Working Conditions ◽  
Working Hours ◽  
Retirement Age ◽  
Older Employees ◽  
Flexible Working Hours ◽  
Flexible Working ◽  
Time Work ◽  
Part Time ◽  
Part Time Work

Terms of employment and the preferred retirement age Terms of employment and the preferred retirement age The present study examines how the satisfaction with the terms of employment among older employees affects the preferred retirement age. Two waves of data collection (2008 and 2009) of the cohort-study of the Netherlands Working Conditions Survey (NWCS) were used for this study. The results of this longitudinal study showed that satisfaction with terms of employment that concern flexibility (e.g. flexible working hours and the possibilities for part-time work) contribute to a higher preferred retirement age. It also contributes to not specifying the preferred retirement age. This means that employees who are satisfied with the flexibility in their jobs more often do not know at what age they prefer to retire than employees who are not satisfied, but if they do know they report a higher preferred retirement age. By arranging flexibility in the job together with and to the satisfaction of employees, employees can be stimulated to postpone retirement.

British Unions in Decline: Determinants of the 1980s Fall in Union Recognition

ILR Review ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 403-419 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Disney ◽  
Amanda Gosling ◽  
Stephen MacHin
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Working Conditions ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Industrial Relations ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Time Work ◽  
Private And Public ◽  
Part Time ◽  
Part Time Work

This examination of establishment-level data from the Workplace Industrial Relations Surveys of 1980, 1984, and 1990 shows that the proportion of British establishments (that is, workplaces in both the private and public sector) that recognized unions for collective bargaining over pay and working conditions fell by almost 20% between 1980 and 1990. Largely accountable for this decline was a much lower rate of union recognition in establishments founded in the 1980s than in previous years, particularly in the private sector. Citing these findings, as well as recent structural changes in employment in the British labor market (such as the shift from manufacturing to services, from manual to non-manual employment, and from full-time to part-time work) and a government that continues to enact anti-union legislation, the authors foresee no reversal of unions' decline in the 1990s.

TAX FOR THE SELF-EMPLOYED: PROS AND CONS

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.S. Hasanova ◽  
R.R. Hatueva ◽  
A.L. Arsaev
Keyword(s):  
Income Tax ◽  
The State ◽  
The Self ◽  
State Budget ◽  
Self Employment ◽  
Time Work ◽  
Part Time ◽  
Pros And Cons ◽  
Crisis Conditions ◽  
Part Time Work

This article discusses the pros and cons of applying professional income tax. Professional income tax is not mandatory, but an alternative way to pay 2 taxes on self-employment or part-time work. The introduction of this tax can mediate an increase in revenues to the state budget, which is of particular importance for the country in post-crisis conditions.

scholarly journals Gender Differences in Work Status during Early Career of Dentists: An Analysis of National Survey Cohort Data of 10 Years in Japan

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 2335
Author(s):  
Katsuo Oshima ◽  
Tomoko Kodama ◽  
Yusuke Ida ◽  
Hiroko Miura
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
National Survey ◽  
Early Career ◽  
Work Status ◽  
Work Setting ◽  
Multiple Logistic Regression ◽  
Dental Clinics ◽  
Career Break ◽  
Time Work ◽  
Part Time

Few studies have evaluated gender differences in young dentists’ career focusing on career breaks and return to work. We created a cohort dataset for dentists registered in 2006 using the national survey between 2006–2016 (men, 1680; women, 984), and examined the work setting of dentists by gender 10 years after registration. The proportion of dentists on career break increased each survey year, and was more pronounced in women than in men (2006 to 2016, men, 11.2% to 14.2%; women, 7.9% to 31.0%). The proportion of those who had career breaks between 2006–2016 was 44.8% in men and 62.9% in women. In the multiple logistic regression for examining the associations between those who returned to work compared to those working continuously, in women, the odds ratios (OR) were significantly higher in those working in dental clinics (owner, OR: 5.39; employee, OR: 3.10), and those working part-time (OR: 2.07); however, in men, there was no significant association with part-time work. These results suggest during early career phase, female dentists are more likely than males to take career breaks and choose part-time on returning. These gender differences should be considered for ensuring adequate workforce in dentistry in the future.

scholarly journals Good or bad jobs? Characteristics of older female part‐time work

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maeve O'Sullivan ◽  
Christine Cross ◽  
Jonathan Lavelle
Keyword(s):  
Time Work ◽  
Female Part ◽  
Part Time ◽  
Part Time Work
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