Medieval mass burial in Pereslavl-Zalessky

The paper presents the results of the anthropological study of a mass grave located in the grounds of the kremlin of Pereslavl-Zalessky (European Russia). It has been preliminary dated to the 13th — first half of the 14th century. This study is aimed at craniological investigation and establishing anthropological connections of the Medieval population of Pereslavl-Zalessky, as well as clarification of the circumstances of appearance of the mass burial within the town territory with the aid of anthropological methods. The human remains were analyzed to identify the number of individuals and to determine their sex and age. Determination of sex and age and recording of injuries were carried out on the craniological material. The craniological program was used to study 28 male and 16 female skulls. A canonical discriminant analysis was used for the intergroup analysis. The mass burial contained separated bones of 80 adults and 19 children. It was possible to identify 30 males and 24 females. The male component of the group was represented by virtually all age groups. The female part comprised mainly women aged 20–35. Therefore, the interred were placed in the grave spontaneously, considerably later after their death; the bodies had time to decompose completely. Eleven instances of skull injuries without signs of necrotic process and healing were recorded. The location and characteristics of the burial and presence of several instances of fatal lacerated wounds indicate that the city residents died in the course of a military clash. Therefore, the studied series represents a time slice of the population of the medieval city. The canonical discriminant analy-sis on the craniological series of 53 revealed that the studied series is distinct from the territorially and chronologically close series of Yaroslavl and Kostroma Krivichs. It also showed that the formation of the population of Pereslavl-Zalessky was strongly influenced by the migration of the Ilmen Slovens and Smolensk-Polotsk Krivichs. Among the specifics of the Pereslavl series, also noteworthy is the strong influence of southern Russian migrants. On the contrary, the influence of the Finno-Ugric morphological component on the urban population of the 13th–14th centuries was very insignificant.

Household budget management and women’s position in peasant families in the Polish lands in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries

This article attempts to answer the question about the position of women in Polish peasant families in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries based on the memoirs of rural women. Contrary to the claim that taking control over the household budget gave women more power on the farm, memoirs of peasant women show that it was rather an additional duty and responsibility. This problem mainly affected low-income families, where income from typically male activities was insufficient, so homemakers supported the family from the female part of the farm: gardening and dairy production. Thus, despite the decisive importance of women’s earnings for the household budget, their power in the family had only a symbolic dimension.

ABOUT THE APPLICATION OF THE ANALYTICAL AMPLIFICATION METHOD IN THE THERAPY OF A PATIENT WITH BORDERLINE MENTAL DISORDER BASED ON THE FAIRY TALE «GO THERE — I DON'T KNOW WHERE, BRING THAT — I DON'T KNOW WHAT»

В данной статье описан фрагмент психотерапевтической работы в парадигме юнгианского анализа с использованием метода амплификации с пациентом, имеющим пограничное расстройство психики. Амплификация — инструмент аналитической работы, введенный в практику К.Г. Юнгом, позволяющий исследовать и интерпретировать явные и скрытые психодинамические процессы через символический язык. По сути процесс амплификации — осмысление индивидуальной психической жизни индивида посредством использования коллективного опыта знаний: мифов, легенд, сказок и т.п. Современная психология, считал Юнг, так или иначе, имеет дело с продуктами бессознательной фантазии - мифологическими и сказочными мотивами, наиболее объективно отражающими динамику психической жизни. «Пользуясь методом мифологической амплификации, мы выбираем те или иные аналогии потому, что их смысловое ядро идентично содержанию исследуемых процессов или в каком-то отношении походит на него. Принимая в качестве данности, что все, когда-либо выраженное человеком в словесной или образной форме, обладает абсолютной психической реальностью, мы можем утверждать, что любая аналогия помогает уточнить, объяснить и подтвердить наше толкование мотивов бессознательных процессов» [4]. В случае с данным пациентом универсально подошла русская народная сказка «Пойди туда — не знаю куда, принеси то — не знаю что» [22]. Опираясь на исследования признанных авторов психоанализа и аналитической психологии, амплификацию этой сказки можно рассматривать как абрис мужского пути индивидуации, «синтетического процесса», описанного К.Г.Юнгом [12]. «Возможной целью, здоровым предназначением ассимилирующих процессов является путь индивидуации, подразумевающий самоосуществление, становление человека самим собой. Индивидуация от лат. in-dividuus означает «неделимый», «неразделенный», «неразведенный», «нерасщепленный» [19]. Индивидуация предполагает достижение психически нового интегрированного состояния, установление устойчивой связи между эго (осознаваемый идентифицированный образ «Я») и архетипом Самости (сложный центр психической жизни, соединяющий бессознательные и сознательные знания человека о себе самом и трансформирующий личность,). Амплификация данной сказки позволяет исследовать внутрипсихическое взаимодействие архетипической пары — маскулинного начала в сознательном поле мужчины и женского в его бессознательном — на разных этапах развития. Подобное взаимодействие отражает реальные отношения с противоположным полом, отзеркаливая внутреннюю/внешнюю мужскую/женскую часть личности. Также данная амплификация дает возможность предположить, что является основным фактором, «запускающим» процесс индивидуации у мужчин. This article describes a fragment of psychotherapeutic work in the paradigm of Jungian analysis using the amplification method with a patient with borderline mental disorder. Amplification is a tool of analytical work introduced into practice by C.G. Jung, which allows to investigate and interpret explicit and hidden psychodynamic processes through symbolic language. In essence, the amplification process is the comprehension of an individual's individual mental life through the use of collective experience of knowledge: myths, legends, fairy tales, etc. «In myths and fairy tales, as in dreams, the soul tells its own story, and the interaction of archetypes is revealed in its natural frame: "creation, re-creation, eternal spirit eternal entertainment»[13]. In the case of this patient, the Russian folk tale «Go there — I don't know where, bring that — I don't know what» was universally suitable [22]. Based on the research of recognized authors of psychoanalysis and analytical psychology, the amplification of this fairy tale can be considered as an outline of the male path of individuation, a «synthetic process» described by C.G. Jung[12]. «A possible goal, a healthy purpose of assimilating processes is the path of individuation, implying self-fulfillment, becoming a person himself. Individuation from Lat. in-dividuus means «indivisible», «undivided» [19]. Individuation presupposes the achievement of a psychically new integrated state, the establishment of a stable connection between the ego (a conscious identified image of the «I») and the archetype of the Self (a complex center of mental life that connects the unconscious and conscious knowledge of a person about himself and transforms the personality). The amplification of this fairy tale allows us to explore the intrapsychic interaction of the archetypal pair — the masculine principle in the conscious field of a man and the female in his unconscious — at different stages of development. Such interaction reflects a real relationship with the opposite sex, mirroring the inner/outer male/female part of the personality. Also, this amplification makes it possible to assume that it is the main factor «triggering» the process of individuation in men.

Maternal care in Mid-Cretaceous lagonomegopid spiders

Maternal care benefits the survival and fitness of offspring, often at a cost to the mother's future reproduction, and has evolved repeatedly throughout the animal kingdom. In extant spider species, this behaviour is very common and has different levels and diverse forms. However, evidence of maternal care in fossil spiders is quite rare. In this study, we describe four Mid-Cretaceous (approx. 99 Ma) amber specimens from northern Myanmar with an adult female, part of an egg sac and some spiderlings of the extinct family Lagonomegopidae preserved, which suggest that adult lagonomegopid females probably built and then guarded egg sacs in their retreats or nests, and the hatched spiderlings may have stayed together with their mother for some time. The new fossils represent early evidence of maternal care in fossil spiders, and enhance our understanding of the evolution of this behaviour.

Gender Differences and Trends of Self-Rated Health in Population Aged 25-64 years from 1988 to 2017

The aim: To determine gender differences in the dynamic of self-rated health in an open population of 25-64 years over a long-term period - 29 years in Russia / Siberia (Novosibirsk). Methods: Within the framework of the screening in 1988-89 under the WHO MONICA-psychosocial (MOPSY) program (n=1676, 49.5% males, mean age 44.1±0.4 years), MOPSY screening in 1994-95 (n=1527, 43% males, mean age 44.85 ± 0.4 years), in 2003-2005 under the international project HAPIEE (n=1650, 34.9% males, mean age 54.25±0.2 years), in 2013-2016 (n=975, 43.8% males, mean age 34.5±0,4 years) and 2016-2017 (n=663, 41.3% years 51.95±0.32 years) within the framework of the budgetary theme No. AAAA-A17-117112850280-2, random representative samples of men and women in one of districts in Novosibirsk were examined. Self-rated health was assessed using the questionnaire “Knowledge and attitude towards own’s health”. Results: The proportion of people with negative self-reported health in the open population was extremely high in 1988. The share of women who consider themselves healthy was 13.7%, men - 37.9%. Gender differences increased with age. Only 10.5% of women and 29.7% of men had no complaints about their health. In 2013, there was an increase in positive health estimation among males and females and a decrease in the frequency of complaints, especially in female part of the population - by 2-2.5 times. The favorable trend which began in 2013 continued in 2017, when men and women more often self-esteemed own health status as “good” compared to earlier periods of observation. The proportion of women believed that taking comprehensive care of their health rose to 15% by 2017, equaling that of men. With the exception of 2013, women were more likely than men to report that “taking care of their health is not enough”, although by 2017 this proportion had dropped to 20%. Conclusions: Sex differences in self-rated health increase with age, but the frequency of health complaints increases proportionally in men and women. There were found favorable tendencies in the decrease in the frequency of negative assessments of health, especially in female population. Further research is required to determine the stability of this trend.

Gender features of depressive disorders

In order to study the role of gender characteristics in the development of depressive disorders on the model of the population of the Kharkov region, an analysis of the incidence, frequency of depression and the age of disease manifestation was carried out. Summarizing the presented data, it should be noted that the structure of the incidence of depressive disorders is characterized by the predominance of women. The ratio of males and females for most forms of depression (F32, F33, F34) is 1 : 2.86—3.44 (among patients with bipolar disorder (F31), the prevalence of women is less — 1 : 1.38). The incidence of depressive disorders in the population was 0.21 %. In all the years studied, the cumulative frequency of depression in the female part of the population was 1.4—2.4 times higher than in men, which gives grounds to consider the female gender as a factor of increased risk of the formation of depressive disorders. The study of the age of manifestation and the peak incidence in the gender aspect showed that depression in men is associated with an earlier manifestation (10—14 years) and a maximum incidence at the age of 45—49 years (in women, the corresponding periods were recorded at 15—19 years and 50—59 years). Considering depressive disorders as a multifactorial disease. It should be emphasized the likelihood of a more severe course in men and less pronounced in women. The severity of the patient’s illness forms a differentiated risk for the patient’s relatives. Relatives of a patient with a severe form and early manifestation have a higher risk. The data obtained are important for practical genetic and clinical and psychopathological prediction.

Physical type of the Armenian Highlands populations in antiquity (based on osteometrical materials from urban and rural settlements)

The paper is concerned with the analysis of osteometrical data from the antique populations of the Armenian Highlands, i.e. anthropological materials of burials dated to the 1st–3rd c. AD. We analyse the differences in an-thropological characteristics between urban and rural population of Armenia in antiquity. In total, 78 individuals of both sexes have been examined using traditional osteological methods. The study involved visual examination of the skeletons, images, descriptions and radiography. For the intergroup comparison, canonical analysis based on the averaged intergroup correlation matrix was used [Deryabin, 1983]. Visually, bones of the villagers appear to be more massive and quite elevated. Men, buried in rural areas differ from those from urban environments in smaller longitudinal dimensions of humerus, radius and ulna, and in larger icircumference of humerus, ulna and femur. Analysis of the data shows that the studied groups carry some features characteristic for populations adapted to high-altitude environments. Intergroup analysis suggests that the closest to the urban male groups would be the Maeotian population from the eastern coast of the Sea of Azov. The female part of the urban com-munity is close to the population of the first centuries AD from Gurmiron. Male villagers show similar features to those of Scythians of Ukraine (Scythian Neapolis); villagers are morphologically close to groups of Sarmatian cultures of the Lower Volga Region. Indirectly, this observation confirms the fact of stable, continuous migration flow into the territory of the Armenian Highlands. There is a certain agreement in the differentiation pattern of the ancient Armenian Highland population from the osteometric and craniometrics data. The osteometric data can be a rather important source of information for reconstruction of biological affinities of human populations.

Differences in Male and Female Texas Community College First-time-in-College Part-Time Students Over Time: A Multiyear, Statewide Analysis

In this multiyear, statewide investigation, the extent to which enrollment rates of male and female, part-time, first-time-in-college students enrolled in Texas community colleges differed from the 2003-2004 academic year to the 2018-2019 academic year was determined. From the 2003-2004 academic year to the 2011-2012 academic year, statistically significant differences were identified in the enrollment rates of both male and female, part-time, first-time-in-college students. Cohen’s d effect sizes, calculated for both male and female, part-time students, were small (0.22). Enrollment rates for male and female, part-time, first-time-in-college students from the 2011-2012 academic year to the 2018-2019 academic year and from the 2003-2004 academic year to the 2018-2019 academic year were similar. Enrollment rates for male and female, part-time, first-time-in-college students enrolled in Texas community colleges remained consistently around 45% and 55%, respectively, during the 16 academic year span. Recommendations for future research as well as implications for policy were discussed.