Modeling and Optimization of Lipid Extraction Process from Municipal Secondary Sludge for Biodiesel Production

Microalgae are one of the most promising feedstocks for biodiesel production due to their high lipid content and easy farming. However, the extraction of lipids from microalgae is energy intensive and costly and involves the use of toxic organic solvents. Compared with organic solvent extraction, supercritical CO2(SCCO2) has demonstrated advantages through lower toxicity and no solvent-liquid separation. Due to the nonpolar nature of SCCO2, polar organic solvents such as methanol may need to be added as a modifier in order to increase the extraction ability of SCCO2. In this paper, pilot scale lipid extraction using SCCO2was studied on two microalgae species:Spirulinasp. andSchizochytriumsp. For each species, SCCO2extraction was conducted on 200 g of biomass for 6 h. Methanol was added as a cosolvent in the extraction process based on a volume ratio of 4%. The results showed that adding methanol in SCCO2increased the lipid extraction yield significantly for both species. Under an operating pressure of 4000 psi, the lipid extraction yields forSpirulinasp. andSchizochytriumsp. were increased by 80% and 72%, respectively. It was also found that a stepwise addition of methanol was more effective than a one-time addition. In comparison with Soxhlet extraction using methylene chloride/methanol (2:1, v/v), the methanol-SCCO2extraction demonstrated its high effectiveness for lipid extraction. In addition, the methanol-SCCO2system showed a high lipid extraction yield after increasing biomass loading fivefold, indicating good potential for scaling up this method. Finally, a kinetic study of the SCCO2extraction process was conducted, and the results showed that methanol concentration in SCCO2has the strongest influence on the lipid extraction yield.

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Enhanced lipid extraction from microalgae in biodiesel production

Hemijska industrija ◽

10.2298/hemind160327027k ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 71 (2) ◽

pp. 167-174 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Myung-Gyun Kim ◽

Hyun-Wook Hwang ◽

Antony Nzioka ◽

Young-Ju Kim

Keyword(s):

Conversion Rate ◽

Extraction Method ◽

Extraction Efficiency ◽

Fatty Acid Content ◽

Lipid Extraction ◽

Microwave Treatment ◽

Extraction Process ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Chemical Extraction ◽

Operation Control

In order to secure more effective lipid extraction method, this research investigated new lipid extraction method using laser with absorbent and sought its optimum operation control. In addition, this study compared lipid extraction efficiency and FAME conversion rate between laser extraction method at optimum condition and existing extraction method. Results from experiments for optimizing lipid extraction method using laser showed that the maximum extraction efficiency (81.8%) was attained when using laser with an output capacity of 75Wh/L. Extraction efficiency increased up to 90.8% when microwave treatment as pretreatment process was conducted. Addition of absorbents during lipid extraction process with laser showed higher extraction efficiency than laser and chemical method. It was also found that laser extraction method with absorbent had higher total fatty acid content (853.7 mg/g oil) in extracted lipid than chemical extraction method (825.4 mg/g oil). Furthermore, it had the highest FAME conversion rate (94.2%).

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Enhancement of Lipid Extraction from Marine Microalga,ScenedesmusAssociated with High-Pressure Homogenization Process

Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology ◽

10.1155/2012/359432 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 2012 ◽

pp. 1-6 ◽

Cited By ~ 25

Author(s):

Seok-Cheol Cho ◽

Woon-Yong Choi ◽

Sung-Ho Oh ◽

Choon-Geun Lee ◽

Yong-Chang Seo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

High Pressure ◽

Lipid Extraction ◽

Extraction Procedure ◽

Extraction Process ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

High Pressure Homogenization ◽

Marine Microalga ◽

Folch Method ◽

Cellular Lipids ◽

Conventional Extraction

Marine microalga,Scenedesmussp., which is known to be suitable for biodiesel production because of its high lipid content, was subjected to the conventional Folch method of lipid extraction combined with high-pressure homogenization pretreatment process at 1200 psi and 35°C. Algal lipid yield was about 24.9% through this process, whereas only 19.8% lipid can be obtained by following a conventional lipid extraction procedure using the solvent, chloroform : methanol (2 : 1, v/v). Present approach requires 30 min process time and a moderate working temperature of 35°C as compared to the conventional extraction method which usually requires >5 hrs and 65°C temperature. It was found that this combined extraction process followed second-order reaction kinetics, which means most of the cellular lipids were extracted during initial periods of extraction, mostly within 30 min. In contrast, during the conventional extraction process, the cellular lipids were slowly and continuously extracted for >5 hrs by following first-order kinetics. Confocal and scanning electron microscopy revealed altered texture of algal biomass pretreated with high-pressure homogenization. These results clearly demonstrate that the Folch method coupled with high-pressure homogenization pretreatment can easily destruct the rigid cell walls of microalgae and release the intact lipids, with minimized extraction time and temperature, both of which are essential for maintaining good quality of the lipids for biodiesel production.

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Exergy analysis of conventional and hydrothermal liquefaction–esterification processes of microalgae for biodiesel production

Open Chemistry ◽

10.1515/chem-2020-0132 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 18 (1) ◽

pp. 874-881

Author(s):

Laras Prasakti ◽

Sangga Hadi Pratama ◽

Ardian Fauzi ◽

Yano Surya Pradana ◽

Arief Budiman ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Renewable Energy ◽

Exergy Analysis ◽

Lipid Extraction ◽

Hydrothermal Liquefaction ◽

Raw Material ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Exergy Loss ◽

Thermochemical Conversion ◽

Third Generation ◽

Land Utilization

AbstractAs fossil fuels were depleting at an alarming rate, the development of renewable energy has become necessary. One of the promising renewable energy to be used is biodiesel. The interest in using third-generation feedstock, which is microalgae, is rapidly growing. The use of third-generation biodiesel feedstock will be more beneficial as it does not compete with food crop use and land utilization. The advantageous characteristic which sets microalgae apart from other biomass sources is that microalgae have high biomass yield. Conventionally, microalgae biodiesel is produced by lipid extraction followed by transesterification. In this study, combination process between hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) and esterification is explored. The HTL process is one of the biomass thermochemical conversion methods to produce liquid fuel. In this study, the HTL process will be coupled with esterification, which takes fatty acid from HTL as raw material for producing biodiesel. Both the processes will be studied by simulating with Aspen Plus and thermodynamic analysis in terms of energy and exergy. Based on the simulation process, it was reported that both processes demand similar energy consumption. However, exergy analysis shows that total exergy loss of conventional exergy loss is greater than the HTL-esterification process.

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Enhanced productivity of lipid extraction by urea stress conditions on marine microalgae Coelastrum sp. for improved biodiesel production

Bioresource Technology Reports ◽

10.1016/j.biteb.2021.100696 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 100696

Author(s):

Prakash Bhuyar ◽

Sathyavathi Sundararaju ◽

Mohd Hasbi Ab. Rahim ◽

Gaanty Pragas Maniam ◽

Natanamurugaraj Govindan

Keyword(s):

Lipid Extraction ◽

Marine Microalgae ◽

Stress Conditions ◽

Biodiesel Production

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Repeated Biodiesel Production Using a Cartridge Containing Solid Catalysts Manufactured from Waste Scallop Shells for Simultaneous Lipid Extraction and Transesterification Process

Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering ◽

10.1007/s12257-020-0039-0 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 26 (1) ◽

pp. 145-155

Author(s):

Eun Kyung Son ◽

Sung Ho Yeom

Keyword(s):

Lipid Extraction ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Solid Catalysts ◽

Scallop Shells

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A High-Throughput Liposome Substrate Assay with Automated Lipid Extraction Process for PI 3-Kinase

CrossRef Listing of Deleted DOIs ◽

10.1177/1087057108324498 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 13 (9) ◽

pp. 906-911 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Trupti Lingaraj ◽

John Donovan ◽

Zhi Li ◽

Ping Li ◽

Amanda Doucette ◽

...

Keyword(s):

High Throughput ◽

Lipid Extraction ◽

Extraction Process ◽

Enzyme Mechanism ◽

Class I ◽

Lipid Kinase ◽

Chromatography Analysis ◽

Regulate Cell Growth ◽

Lipid Kinases ◽

Layer Chromatography

The signaling pathways involving lipid kinase class I phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases (PI 3-kinases) regulate cell growth, proliferation, and survival. Class I PI 3-kinases catalyze the conversion of PI (4,5)P2 to PI (3,4,5)P3, which acts as a lipid second messenger to activate mitogenic signaling cascades. Recently, p110α, a class IA PI 3-kinase, was found to be mutated frequently in many human cancers. Therefore, it is increasingly studied as an anticancer drug target. Traditionally, PI 3-kinase activities have been studied using liposome substrates. This method, however, is hampered significantly by the labor-intensive manual lipid extraction followed by a low-throughput thin-layer chromatography analysis. The authors describe a high-throughput liposome substrate-based assay based on an automated lipid extraction method that allows them to study PI 3-kinase enzyme mechanism and quantitatively measure inhibitor activity using liposome substrates in a high-throughput mode. This improved assay format can easily be extended to study other classes of phosphoinositide lipid kinases. ( Journal of Biomolecular Screening 2008:906-911)

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Physical Methods of Microalgal Biomass Pretreatment

International Agrophysics ◽

10.2478/intag-2014-0024 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 28 (3) ◽

pp. 341-348 ◽

Cited By ~ 31

Author(s):

Agata Piasecka ◽

Izabela Krzemińska ◽

Jerzy Tys

Keyword(s):

Alternative Energy ◽

Lipid Extraction ◽

Physical Method ◽

Extraction Methods ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Biomass Pretreatment ◽

Microalgal Biomass ◽

Alternative Energy Sources ◽

Wet Biomass ◽

Microwave Techniques

Abstract The prospect of depletion of natural energy resources on the Earth forces researchers to seek and explore new and alternative energy sources. Biomass is a composite resource that can be used in many ways leading to diversity of products. Therefore, microalgal biomass offers great potential. The main aim of this study is to find the best physical method of microalgal biomass pretreatment that guarantees efficient lipid extraction. These studies identifies biochemical composition of microalgal biomass as source for biodisel production. The influence of drying at different temperatures and lyophilization was investigated. In addition, wet and untreated biomass was examined. Cell disruption (sonication and microwave) techniques were used to improve lipid extraction from wet biomass. Additionally, two different extraction methods were carried out to select the best method of crude oil extraction. The results of this study show that wet biomass after sonication is the most suitable for extraction. The fatty acid composition of microalgal biomass includes linoleic acid (C18:2), palmitic acid (C16:0), oleic acid (C18:1), linolenic acid (C18:3), and stearic acid (C18:0), which play a key role in biodiesel production.

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