scholarly journals Rereading Central-local Relations in China: the Fundamentals and Premise?

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (3/4) ◽  
pp. 83
Author(s):  
Shi-wei Jiang
Keyword(s):  
Research Methods ◽  
The Other ◽  
Basic Question ◽  
Local School ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Western Countries ◽  
History Of Research ◽  
History Of ◽  
New Research

Scholars both Chinese and foreign were, are, and will be studying central-local relations in China, but China still functions with problems. This paper reviews central-local relations in China and reveals that scholars have mistakenly named “central-local relations” when the proper classification is political and economic. Meanwhile, this paper shows that relations between the center and localities function like federalism with regard to the economy yet as a unitary state politicically. So, scholars study political and economic relations separately, and there will be two types of measures for central-local relations. Since the birth of the People’s Republic of China, scholars have sought to make central-local relations in China function well,, but this goal is an uphill climb in a country with many difficulties. Thus, researching this theme never stops. In the long history of research, there are two different periods to discern, one is before the time of informing and opening China, the other is after. Consequently, research gathered at each time are different. However, the problem is that both cannot have given effective measures making central-local relations working well. Therefore, scholars must rethink and re-realize the research to discover the problems inherent in the research and how to resolve and avoid it. This paper tells us several important things:1.What are central-local relations in China? This basic question was unfortunately ignored by many scholars, especially after reforming and opening. This paper reinterprets what comprises central-local relations in China and identifies its qualities for the reader.2.What is the situation of researching central-local relations in China? There are two main and different perspectives researching this theme: “local” and “overseas.” Scholars of the local school clearly realized differences between China and western countries and tired to find a countermeasure. Conversely. scholars of the overseas school pointed out that we must have learned from the federalism-oriented western countries of federalism. the local nor overseas perspectives are completely correct. The key is which can interpret and solve problems of central-local relations in China.3.What are measures for us? For us, giving measures is much more important than just defining problems.Thus, we must seek new research methods that are suitable for actuality of China.

Cyber Threats

2018 ◽  
pp. 527-540
Author(s):  
Lucas Kello
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Internet Governance ◽  
International Affairs ◽  
Member States ◽  
Western Countries ◽  
Cyber Threats ◽  
Large Member ◽  
History Of

Cyber threats have become a pre-eminent concern in international affairs. The security of cyberspace has become a condition of the survival of modern societies; yet the scale of the threats grows only larger with time. Some states have turned to the UN system to address cyber issues. These efforts are of two general sorts. One involves the management of conflict in the cyber domain, a realm of security competition in which the dangers of miscalculation abound. The other concerns Internet governance, which pits Russia and China against Western countries. This chapter examines these multilateral thrusts. It argues that none has gone far, for various reasons. Cyber threats challenge the legal and institutional orthodoxies of the UN system. Large member states clash over the meaning and priorities of cybersecurity. Before analyzing these problems the chapter reviews the origins and history of cyber threats.

scholarly journals Community Interpreting: signed or spoken? Types, modes, and methods

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nadja Grbić ◽  
Sonja Pöllabauer
Keyword(s):  
Research Methods ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Short Description ◽  
Language Community ◽  
History Of Research ◽  
Signed Language ◽  
History Of ◽  
Type Mode ◽  
Similarities And Differences

This article focuses on the similarities and differences between spoken and signed language Community Interpreting (CI). After a briefoverview of the various terms that are generally used in the relevant literature – albeit in- consistently – to categorize various sorts of interpreting (type, mode, setting), we examine a number of typologies of interpreting events that have been developed in order to allowfor a more complex categorization of such events. A briefoutline of the history of research into spoken and signed language CI is complemented by a short description of the similarities and differences between spoken and signed language CI. We also discuss various examples of research methods that have been applied to spoken and signed language CI.

scholarly journals The world’s biggest hotel companies. Old trends and new tendencies

2015 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 26-33
Author(s):  
Andrzej Kowalczyk
Keyword(s):  
Rapid Growth ◽  
The Other ◽  
People’S Republic Of China ◽  
People's Republic Of China ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
History Of ◽  
Hotel Chains ◽  
The One

Abstract Many hotels are owned by a few dozen so-called hotel chains or hotel systems. The rapid growth of big hotel companies can be regarded as proof of the entrance of hotel systems into the globalisation phase. Since 2006, companies from the People’s Republic of China (PRC) have been among the world’s top hotel systems. This year can be considered as the symbolic beginning of a new stage in the history of the largest hotel systems. This paper shows two main trends. On the one hand, the processes that could be observed in the market of the major global hotel systems from the 1990s are still discernible (for example, the position of the so-called hotel megasystems). On the other hand, new trends have come to the fore in recent years, notably the emergence of systems from the People’s Republic of China among the world’s largest hotel systems.

Prof. A. M. Levin. "Duodenal probe and its application in diagnosis and therapy." Library of the Practical Physician, Vol. 48, 187 countries. Giz. 1929 year

1929 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 582-582
Author(s):  
R. Luria
Keyword(s):  
Research Methods ◽  
New Method ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
Medical Work ◽  
Diagnosis And Therapy ◽  
Wide Circle ◽  
History Of ◽  
New Research ◽  
Essential Prerequisite

New research methods, being an essential prerequisite for advances in the recognition and therapy of diseases, can gain especially great importance and will be especially useful if wide circles of doctors are thoroughly familiar with the history of the method, the technique of its application and the results obtained by the new method in various fields of its application. ... This is the task that the author of the book about the duodenal probe sets himself. Extremely simple in essence and giving the possibility of practical application in the most modest conditions of medical work, the duodenal probe is still little used in a wide circle of practical doctors, and from this side the book of prof. Levin undoubtedly fills in a great defect in our literature

The Return to Diversity in Eastern Europe

1993 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-100
Author(s):  
Jens Hohensee
Keyword(s):  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Political ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
History Of ◽  
The One ◽  
New Research ◽  
Annus Mirabilis

The events of 1989, the annus mirabilis, have led to a great demand for new research and a re-thinking of the history of Eastern Europe. Those sources which were kept from us for years are now available, at least in part. As part of this process political scientists and historians of Eastern Europe are now concerned to fill in the gaps in our knowledge and provide the answers to urgent questions. A consequence of this situation has been a veritable flood of publications, of which eight have been chosen for review here. With two exceptions these studies have deepened our understanding of the issues involved. There are clear differences between the historians on the one hand and the political scientists on the other in terms of their starting-point and the questions they ask. Whereas the historians deal descriptively with the origins, trends and structures of the last centuries and place the revolutions of 1989/90 in their historical context, the political scientists proceed analytically and place greater emphasis on social, ethnic and economic factors. This dichotomy is demonstrated in the different problematics of the books under review.

scholarly journals Telling the story of solar energy meteorology into the satellite era by applying (co-citation) reference publication year spectroscopy

2020 ◽  
Vol 125 (2) ◽  
pp. 1159-1177
Author(s):  
Thomas Scheidsteger ◽  
Robin Haunschild
Keyword(s):  
Solar Energy ◽  
Solar Irradiance ◽  
Search Query ◽  
Research Fields ◽  
History Of Research ◽  
History Of ◽  
New Research ◽  
Keyword Searches ◽  
Important Marker

AbstractStudying the history of research fields by analyzing publication records and topical and/or keyword searches with reference publication year spectroscopy (RPYS) has been introduced as a powerful tool to identify the corresponding root publications. However, for some research fields (e.g., rather new and interdisciplinary fields) like solar energy meteorology, encompassing such research fields via a keyword- or topic-based search query is not feasible to get a reasonably exhaustive publication set. Therefore, we apply its variant RPYS-CO to all publications co-cited with two highly important marker papers, using the cited references explorer for inspecting the RPYS-CO results. We obtain two lists of seminal papers, which are able to adequately tell us the story of solar energy meteorology up to the 1990s, respectively in its subfield using satellite-based methods for solar irradiance estimation even to very recent years. Consequently, we recommend this method to gain valuable insights in (new) research fields.

scholarly journals Toward Undogmatic Reading. Narratology, Digital Humanities and Beyond

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janina Jacke ◽  
Mareike Schumacher
Keyword(s):  
Digital Humanities ◽  
The Other ◽  
Literary Studies ◽  
Present Volume ◽  
History Of Research ◽  
Research Communities ◽  
Look Back ◽  
History Of ◽  
Bridge Building ◽  
Digital Research

Both Narratology and Digital Humanities look back on a remarkable history of research and progress. One after the other, the narratological and the digital research communities evolved into large international and interdisciplinary networks. While cooperation between the two disciplines would be possible and beneficial in many areas, they often still work in parallel rather than together. A workshop at Hamburg University brought together Literary Studies researchers from Narratology and from Digital Humanities to (a) discuss requirements for and possibilities of a digital operationalisation of analytical categories from Narratology and Literary Studies and (b) theoretically reflect upon possible connections between more traditional and digital approaches. The present volume combines the workshop contributions from both disciplines and thus attempts to further the bridge-building and dialogue.

scholarly journals Professor A. M. Levin. "Duodenal probe and its application in diagnosis and therapy." Library of the Practical Physician, Vol. 48, 187 countries. Giz. 1929

1929 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 582-582
Author(s):  
R. Luria
Keyword(s):  
Research Methods ◽  
New Method ◽  
Diagnosis And Therapy ◽  
History Of ◽  
New Research ◽  
Essential Prerequisite

New research methods, being an essential prerequisite for advances in the recognition and therapy of diseases, can gain especially great importance and will be especially useful if wide circles of doctors are thoroughly familiar with the history of the method, the technique of its application and the results obtained by the new method in various fields of its application. This is the task that the author of the book about the duodenal probe sets himself.

scholarly journals Diagnostic criteria for metabolic syndrome – a historical overview

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Magdalena Szychlińska ◽  
Katarzyna Gontarz-Nowak ◽  
Wojciech Matuszewski ◽  
Katarzyna Myszka-Podgórska ◽  
Elżbieta Bandurska-Stankiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Current Definition ◽  
History Of Research ◽  
Essential Components ◽  
History Of ◽  
Main Components ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
New Research ◽  
European Group

Introduction: Although attempts to establish a definition of metabolic syndrome (MS) intensified two decades ago, research into diseases co-occurring with MS was initiated as early as in the 17th century. The breakthrough came in 1988 with a study by Gerald M. Reaven, which combined so far unrelated conditions into X syndrome. In the 20th and 21st century, research focused on providing a definition applicable in clinical practice. Aim: The following overview summarizes the history of MS, from early descriptions to the most recent attempts at defining it. Material and methods: The literature was searched in PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases focusing on history of research on MS, criteria of diagnosis. Results and discussion: Since 1998, while the concept of MS was accepted, the definition has evolved. Since the European Group for the Study of Insulin Resistance definition was announced, the essential components of diagnosing MS have not changed, they have only been specified to include a greater part of the population. It seems that MS is not only a pathophysiological term, but also a practical-clinical one. When diagnosed, it involves further medical treatment. Conclusions: (1) The definition of MS has evolved, becoming simplified so that it can be used in clinical practice. (2) Main components of diagnosing MS have been specified to include a greater part of the population. (3) It seems that MS is not only a pathophysiological term, but also a practical-clinical one. (4) The construct of MS definition has inherent limitations which impact on its clinical usefulness. (5) The current definition might be subject to more modifications following new research studies.

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