Fenomena Netflix Platform Premium Video Streaming membangun kesadaran cyber etik dalam perspektif ilmu komunikasi

Netflix sebagai salah satu media layanan streaming video film dan serial televisi dunia memberikan dampak kepada budaya perfilman umat manusia. Menurut penelitian yang diterbitkan oleh Media Partners Asia (MPA) Mempublikasi bahwa platform video premium, seperti Netflix, Viu, WeTV, iQIYI dan Vidio mendapatkan 10% share/bagian dari Share Of Video Streaming Minutes In SEA di Q1 2021 (triwulan 1 tahun 2021). Dari Share Premium Video Streaming in SEA, Netflix telah memimpin konsumsi video premium dengan pangsa 40%, didorong oleh luas daya tarik katalog internasionalnya. Besarnya pemanfaatan Netflix yang begitu masif dan eskalatif di Indonesia, telah diantisipasi oleh Kementerian Kominfo sebagai perpanjangan dari regulator/ pemerintah RI. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif deskriptif tentang konsep Etika maya/ cyber-ethics. Peneliti mencoba memahami Netflix sebagai entitas bentuk platform film Menggunakan penjelasan Richard A. Spinello mengenai Etika Maya (cyber-ethics) dan argumen Richard A. Spinello terkait Governing and Regulating the Internet yang dipubikasikan pada Artikel ACM SIGCAS Computers and Society tahun 2000 dengan judul Excerpt from CyberEthics: Morality and Law in Cyberspace. Film dan Televisi dapat dibahas dari berbagai aspek. Dalam konteks di Indonesia, regulasi yang dihasilkan untuk mengatur Film dan Televisi, yaitu lahirnya Undang-Undang Penyiaran No.32 Tahun 2002 dan Undang-Undang No. 33 Perfilman Tahun 2009. Netflix merupakan Platform Premium Video Streaming terindikasi mengandung unsur ponografi, SARA, LGBT, dan sadisme. Namun Netflix tidak bisa diregulasi oleh Undang-Undang Penyiaran No.32 Tahun 2002 dan Undang-Undang No. 33 Perfilman Tahun 2009. Tetapi menggunakan UU Nomor 36 Tahun 1999 tentang Telekomunikasi. Secara Regulasi netflix harus tunduk dengan aturan UU Telekomunikasi. Pemahaman cyber-ethics menjadi pembahasan yang penting dan harus mampu mengkaji perilaku yang sesuai moral, hukum, dan isu-isu sosial sebagai alat interaksi antar manusia. Berdasarkan Excerpt From CyberEthics: Morality and Law in Cyberspace ada solusi yang ditawarkan oleh Richard A. Spinello (2014) adalah Internet Governance/ Tata Kelola Internet. Selain melakukan Direct State Intervention, negara juga bisa membuat literasi terhadap membangun kesadaran cyber-ethics. Pemahaman Cyber-ethics dapat ditumbuhkan dengan memahami cyber wellness

Varieties of Digital Authoritarianism

Digital authoritarianism threatens the privacy and rights of Internet users worldwide, yet scholarship on this topic remains limited in analytical power and case selection. In this article, we introduce a comprehensive analytical framework to the field of Internet governance and apply it first, briefly, to the well-known case of China and then, in more depth, to the still-understudied Russian case. We identify the extent and relative centralization of Internet governance as well as proactive versus reactive approaches to governance as notable differences between the cases, highlighting variation among digital authoritarians’ governance strategies. We conclude that Russia’s Internet governance model is less comprehensive and consistent than China’s, but its components may be more easily exported to other political systems. We then consider whether recent changes to Russia’s Internet governance suggest that it could converge with the Chinese model over time.

Localism in Internet governance: The rise of China's provincial web

Often analysing ‘the Chinese Internet’ as a national entity, existing research has overlooked China's provincially oriented web portals, which have supplied information and entertainment to substantial user populations. Through the lenses of the critical political economy of media and critical media industry studies, this article traces the ascendance of China's provincial web from the late 1990s to the early 2000s by analysing industry yearbooks, official reports, conference records, personal memoirs, archived webpages, and user traffic data. We uncover interactions between Internet service providers, legacy media organizations, commercial Internet companies, and the central and local governments – each driven by discrete economic interests, political concerns, and imaginaries about the new technology. Delineating the emergence and consolidation of China's provincial web, our study foregrounds the understudied political economy of online content regionalization at scale. Further, it sheds new light on Chinese media policy, Internet governance, and Internet histories, especially the widely noted conservative turn of online cultures after the mid-2010s.

Look West or Look East? India at the Crossroads of Cyberspace

This chapter explores how India has managed its external environment with a view to securing its own digital ecosystems. It highlights India’s engagement with the United States and China, the biggest players in its digital ecosystem. Both relationships reflect certain geopolitical realities, but also offer contrasting narratives. India and the United States have sought in recent years to align their views on the governance of common digital spaces, whereas New Delhi's outreach to China has been more instrumental, and largely confined to interactions with specific Chinese companies that invest in the country. Mindful, however, of Beijing's potential to expand its influence in Asian economies by supplying their digital infrastructure and applications, India has acknowledged the need to engage China at a strategic level on ‘cyber’ issues. Its high-level interactions with the United States and China could lead India to a crossroads from where it has to choose one model of standards, rules, and norms for cybersecurity and Internet governance over the other.

Revealing the Dark Side of the Internet

The purpose of this study is to reveal the dark side the Internet and establish a hierarchical framework to provide its governance path based on users' negative psychology. However, this hierarchical framework must consider unnecessary attributes and the interrelationships between the aspects and the criteria. Hence, fuzzy set theory is used for screening out the unnecessary attributes, a decision-making and trial evaluation laboratory (DEMATEL) is proposed to manage the complex interrelationships among the aspects and attributes, and interpretive structural modeling (ISM) is used to divide the hierarchy and construct a hierarchical theoretical framework. The results show that: (1) the institutional system is the driver of Internet governance improvement (2) personal values are the last link in the governance process (3) the governance transition from institutional system to values must cross the barriers of ethics and technology. This paper proposes a more systematic and integrated hierarchical framework which provides theoretical guidance to govern the dark side of the Internet.

Emerging illiberal norms: Russia and China as promoters of internet content control

This article contributes to the understanding of authoritarian states as norm entrepreneurs of content control norms. These emerging norms challenge the norm literature, which disregards illiberal norms and illiberal actors as norm entrepreneurs. This article focuses on two distinct but coexisting strategies that Russia and China apply for promoting and developing internet governance norms. It shows that these countries use a combination of socialization and persuasion strategies. They employ a sequencing strategy of regional coalition-building in order to create support, after which they expand a norm's range via international organizations. These norm entrepreneurs adapt their strategies to different target groups based on the degree of internalization of the norm. The article shows that a reassessment of norm theory in a broader context allows for extension to illiberal norms and illiberal actors, but also shows the limits since the applicability of strategies such as naming and shaming should be questioned.

Revealing the Dark Side of the Internet

The purpose of this study is to reveal the dark side the Internet and establish a hierarchical framework to provide its governance path based on users' negative psychology. However, this hierarchical framework must consider unnecessary attributes and the interrelationships between the aspects and the criteria. Hence, fuzzy set theory is used for screening out the unnecessary attributes, a decision-making and trial evaluation laboratory (DEMATEL) is proposed to manage the complex interrelationships among the aspects and attributes, and interpretive structural modeling (ISM) is used to divide the hierarchy and construct a hierarchical theoretical framework. The results show that: (1) the institutional system is the driver of Internet governance improvement (2) personal values are the last link in the governance process (3) the governance transition from institutional system to values must cross the barriers of ethics and technology. This paper proposes a more systematic and integrated hierarchical framework which provides theoretical guidance to govern the dark side of the Internet.