scholarly journals Diagnostic criteria for metabolic syndrome – a historical overview

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Magdalena Szychlińska ◽  
Katarzyna Gontarz-Nowak ◽  
Wojciech Matuszewski ◽  
Katarzyna Myszka-Podgórska ◽  
Elżbieta Bandurska-Stankiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Current Definition ◽  
History Of Research ◽  
Essential Components ◽  
History Of ◽  
Main Components ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
New Research ◽  
European Group

Introduction: Although attempts to establish a definition of metabolic syndrome (MS) intensified two decades ago, research into diseases co-occurring with MS was initiated as early as in the 17th century. The breakthrough came in 1988 with a study by Gerald M. Reaven, which combined so far unrelated conditions into X syndrome. In the 20th and 21st century, research focused on providing a definition applicable in clinical practice. Aim: The following overview summarizes the history of MS, from early descriptions to the most recent attempts at defining it. Material and methods: The literature was searched in PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases focusing on history of research on MS, criteria of diagnosis. Results and discussion: Since 1998, while the concept of MS was accepted, the definition has evolved. Since the European Group for the Study of Insulin Resistance definition was announced, the essential components of diagnosing MS have not changed, they have only been specified to include a greater part of the population. It seems that MS is not only a pathophysiological term, but also a practical-clinical one. When diagnosed, it involves further medical treatment. Conclusions: (1) The definition of MS has evolved, becoming simplified so that it can be used in clinical practice. (2) Main components of diagnosing MS have been specified to include a greater part of the population. (3) It seems that MS is not only a pathophysiological term, but also a practical-clinical one. (4) The construct of MS definition has inherent limitations which impact on its clinical usefulness. (5) The current definition might be subject to more modifications following new research studies.

An Objective Approach Toward Understanding Auditory Processing Disorder

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Akshay R. Maggu ◽  
Tobias Overath
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Auditory Processing ◽  
Test Battery ◽  
Domain Specificity ◽  
Auditory Processing Disorder ◽  
Theoretical Construct ◽  
Ongoing Debate ◽  
Current Definition ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Shed Light

Purpose In the field of audiology, auditory processing disorder (APD) continues to be a topic of ongoing debate for clinicians and scientists alike, both in terms of theory and clinical practice. In the current viewpoint, we first lay out the main issues that are central to the controversy surrounding APD, and then suggest a framework toward their resolution. Method The current viewpoint is informed by reviewing existing studies in the field of APD to better understand the issues contributing to the controversies in APD. Results We found that, within the current definition of APD, the two main issues that make the APD diagnosis controversial are (a) comorbidity with other disorders and (b) the lack of domain specificity. These issues remain unresolved, especially with the use of the existing behavioral APD test batteries. In this viewpoint, we shed light on how they can be mitigated by implementing the administration of an objective, physiological test battery. Conclusions By administering an objective test battery, as proposed in this viewpoint, we believe that it will be possible to achieve a higher degree of specificity to the auditory domain that will not only contribute towards clinical practice but also contribute towards strengthening APD as a theoretical construct.

A History of Police Psychology

2019 ◽  
pp. 377-402
Author(s):  
Philip S. Trompetter
Keyword(s):  
Public Safety ◽  
American Psychological Association ◽  
Police Psychology ◽  
American Psychological ◽  
Current Definition ◽  
Specialty Board ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Definition Of

This chapter briefly identifies important societal events and governmental responses that set the stage for the emergence of the specialty of police psychology, provides the names and departments of early practitioners (1963-1990) of police psychology, and explains how the current definition of police psychology was developed, with its four domains and 55 proficiencies. The maturation of the specialty is outlined from its recognition as an American Psychological Association (APA) proficiency, to the creation of an American Board of Police & Public Safety Psychology (ABPPSP) specialty board, and most recently to its recognition as an APA specialty.

scholarly journals Teaching Evolution & the Nature of Science via the History of Debates about the Levels at Which Natural Selection Operates

2013 ◽  
Vol 75 (2) ◽  
pp. 96-100
Author(s):  
William D. Stansfield
Keyword(s):  
Natural Selection ◽  
Nature Of Science ◽  
Group Selection ◽  
Scientific Methodology ◽  
Teaching Evolution ◽  
Evolutionary Mechanism ◽  
Essential Components ◽  
History Of ◽  
New Research ◽  
Scientific Debates

Students should not graduate from high school without understanding that scientific debates are essential components of scientific methodology. This article presents a brief history of ongoing debates regarding the hypothesis that group selection is an evolutionary mechanism, and it serves as an example of the role that debates play in correcting faulty ideas and stimulating new research in the pursuit of extending scientific knowledge.

scholarly journals Editing: Problems of Terminology

2020 ◽  
pp. 173-191
Author(s):  
Piotr P. Zhauniarovich ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
Book Publishing ◽  
Scientific Discourse ◽  
Professional Activity ◽  
Discipline Problems ◽  
History Of ◽  
Scientific Terms ◽  
Main Components ◽  
Definition Of

Taking into consideration the fact that editing is considered to be a field of scientific knowledge, a sphere of practical activity, and a discipline, problems of terminology appear. The aim of the research is to reveal definitions and statements that tend to take the role of terms and contain conflicting statements obstructing the scientific comprehension of terms. The research focuses on the comparison of different definitions of the term “editing” and of its types given by Russian and foreign theorists and practitioners, as well as on the analysis of new terms introduced into scientific discourse. The author touches upon various definitions of the concept of editing, considers its types as well as differences between the notions of editing and literary editing, compares the interpretations of these concepts in Russian, British, and American (editing, copyediting), Ukrainian and Polish scientific discourses, offers his vision of the problems. Textbooks and reference books do not always provide proper differences between the two main components of editorial activity—editorial analysis (evaluation) and editing. There are significant developments of Russian researchers in the direction of the history of editing ahead of the Western research. One can state that Russia has a school of editing history, and university researchers make a great contribution to its development. The author suggests adhering to the established traditions in the interpretation of editing and using it in journalism in the same sense as in book publishing, since initially it was the publishing of books that caused the need in editing as a professional activity. The result of the research demonstrates that it is impossible to refer editing as a sphere of scientific knowledge only to book publishing or philology. The author proposes his own definition of editing, tries to optimize the number of types of editing (particularly, duplication of the notions “editing” and “literary editing”, “editing” and “copyediting” is stated), and introduces a terminological combination “history of editing” into scientific discourse. The author proves that the replacement of the concepts “editing” and “editorial analysis” with such notions as “text activity” and “criticism of speech”, respectively, is not justified in scientific terms.

scholarly journals The Rapes Committed against the Yazidi Women: a Genocide?

2020 ◽  
pp. 50-71
Author(s):  
Paula Castellano San José
Keyword(s):  
Violence Against Women ◽  
Rome Statute ◽  
International Criminal ◽  
Criminal Court ◽  
International Criminal Law ◽  
Islamic State ◽  
Current Definition ◽  
Actus Reus ◽  
History Of ◽  
Definition Of

Rape has been used as a tool of war throughout the history of mankind. With the establishment of the International Criminal Court, rape was included in the Rome Statute, being internationally recognized as a war crime, a crime against humanity and a means to commit genocide. The Islamic State of Iraq and Syria, in its war to establish the caliphate, has carried out a campaign of sexual violence against women of religious minorities such as the Yazidi. This article examines the evolution of the definition of rape in International Criminal Law and applies the current definition to the crimes committed by ISIS against the Yazidi. The study assesses the elements of the actus reus of genocide and considers that the actions carried out by the Islamic State towards the Yazidi could qualify as a genocide by means of rape.

scholarly journals Metabolic syndrome: аrguments pro's and con's

2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 17-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
V A Uchamprina ◽  
T I Romantsova ◽  
M F Kalashnikov
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Glucose Metabolism ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Impaired Glucose Metabolism ◽  
Definition Of

Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a combination of impaired glucose metabolism, abdominal obesity, dyslipidemia, and hypertension and is associated with the development of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Despite numerous studies on this subject, the terminology and the definition of MS as well as borderline values for its criteria are not defined. From the standpoint of public health and clinical practice, the early detection of MS is highly important in order to prevent the development of CVD and T2D. This review article reflects the stages of development of the concept of MS, expresses the opinion of the authors with respect to the modern view of the problem and analyzes of contemporary arguments "for" and "against" the use of MS diagnosis in clinical practice.

scholarly journals TRANSFORMATION OF TOOLS AND CONSERVATION OF ARCHITECTURE

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
DONATELLA FIORANI ◽  
MARTA ACIERNO ◽  
SILVIA CUTARELLI ◽  
ADALGISA DONATELLI
Keyword(s):  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Risk Map ◽  
Computer Tools ◽  
Cost Benefit Ratio ◽  
History Of ◽  
History Of Architecture ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
New Research ◽  
Architectural Research

The use of digital technologies to study architecture and landscape has begun to represent an innovative aspect of the research when it started to allow the dynamic association (as input and output) of images and alphanumeric data: the different combination of this information through inferences and algorithms and the consequent generation of new data has freed digitisation from a strictly instrumental role making it a new methodological approach in itself.As a matter of fact, recently architectural research has begun to take an interest in the problem ‘from within’, working not only on the application of computer tools but, more consciously, on their configuration. The work carried out by the Sapienza research group is aimed at developing ontologies and inferential models specifically dedicated to the representation of historical buildings and is devoted to the implementation of a national GIS platform for the historical centres, the Risk Map of the Italian Ministry of Cultural Heritage and Activities and Tourism.This kind of work involves a series of methodological issues specially oriented to the definition of the role of the history of architecture in itself and its use for the conservation project. These arguments are developed within this essay, mainly focused on: type and quality of information deriving by the new procedures; interpretative components that fuel the new research methods; cost/benefit ratio in the use of ‘analogue’ and ‘digital’ approaches; future prospects of the two different (traditional and digital) investigative strategies. Moreover, both of the fields of digital research developed by the group (ontology and Risk Map) are here summarised.

THE CHINESE ‘IDEOGRAPHIC’ SCRIPT: EVOLUTION OF PERCEPTIONS (BASED ON THE 19TH CENTURY AUTHORS)

2020 ◽  
pp. 210-218
Author(s):  
Ksenia A. Kozha ◽  
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Chinese Script ◽  
Writing Systems ◽  
History Of Research ◽  
Hieroglyphic Writing ◽  
History Of ◽  
Chinese Writing System ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Chinese Writing

The article explores briefly the history of research in one of the most arguable topics in Sinological linguistics — the definition of an ideographic script, i. e. the Chinese writing system perceptions in the Russian and Western sinology of the 19th century. J.-F. Champolion’s and T. Young’s discoveries of the nature of hieroglyphic script, its function and evolution, as well as their decipherment of the ancient Egyptians texts, naturally influenced the broad field of oriental linguistics, having stimulated researches of other hieroglyphic writing systems. The present article touches briefly upon works of the American scholars P. DuPanceau and S. Andrews, the British naturalist G. T. Lay, the French diplomat J.-M. Callery and the well-renowned Russian sinologists I. Bičurin and V. P. Vasilyev. Basing on the selection of works, relevant to the article’s subject matter, the author aims to illustrate the evolution of Sinological knowledge in one of its most arguable topics — the nature hieroglyphic script, its structure and modification over time. Selected passages from the above mentioned authors, their exchange of opinions and comments to each other’s works tend to demonstrate the development of the research methodology itself — the gradual shift from labelling the Chinese script with ideographic stamp to the recognition of its phono-semantic dimensions and its transformation towards a phonetic system of writing.

What Kinds of Research Had the Greatest Impact on Change?

2021 ◽  
pp. 80-132
Keyword(s):  
Action Research ◽  
Teaching Effectiveness ◽  
Data Bank ◽  
Collaborative Action Research ◽  
Video Data ◽  
Collaborative Action ◽  
History Of Research ◽  
History Of ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Survey Questionnaires

This chapter provides partnering researchers and teachers with the identification and definition of specific types of research (e.g., descriptive-analytic, observational, and collaborative action research/inquiry) and research approaches and designs (e.g., longitudinal, survey-questionnaires, and focus groups) that were successful in instituting change and improvement in partnership settings. Exemplar studies of each type from two long-running partnerships are summarized, along with findings and their use to institute change. The research approaches are adaptable to current circumstances faced in American education. Special attention is given to collaborative video-based action research studies and the development of a video data bank as a proven partnership strategy for providing evidence of change and teaching effectiveness. Also, a brief history of research on the study of teaching is given, and the tools used to investigate teaching are placed in an Appendix. What worked and why it worked is the central theme of the chapter.

scholarly journals Telling the story of solar energy meteorology into the satellite era by applying (co-citation) reference publication year spectroscopy

2020 ◽  
Vol 125 (2) ◽  
pp. 1159-1177
Author(s):  
Thomas Scheidsteger ◽  
Robin Haunschild
Keyword(s):  
Solar Energy ◽  
Solar Irradiance ◽  
Search Query ◽  
Research Fields ◽  
History Of Research ◽  
History Of ◽  
New Research ◽  
Keyword Searches ◽  
Important Marker

AbstractStudying the history of research fields by analyzing publication records and topical and/or keyword searches with reference publication year spectroscopy (RPYS) has been introduced as a powerful tool to identify the corresponding root publications. However, for some research fields (e.g., rather new and interdisciplinary fields) like solar energy meteorology, encompassing such research fields via a keyword- or topic-based search query is not feasible to get a reasonably exhaustive publication set. Therefore, we apply its variant RPYS-CO to all publications co-cited with two highly important marker papers, using the cited references explorer for inspecting the RPYS-CO results. We obtain two lists of seminal papers, which are able to adequately tell us the story of solar energy meteorology up to the 1990s, respectively in its subfield using satellite-based methods for solar irradiance estimation even to very recent years. Consequently, we recommend this method to gain valuable insights in (new) research fields.

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