scholarly journals Analysis of the effect of dexmedetomidine combination with regional anesthesia on the cognitive state in the post-anesthesia period in ophthalmic surgery

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (5) ◽  
pp. 74-78
Author(s):  
G.S. Dorofeeva

Given a reduced cognitive reserve in patients in ophthalmic surgery, an anesthesiologist should pay special attention when choosing a method of anesthesia to prevent the development of postoperative cognitive dysfunction. The concept of multimodal anesthesia makes it possible to reduce the total number of narcotic analgesics and ataractics used intraoperatively while maintaining an adequate level of anesthesia and sedation, both intraoperatively and in the postoperative period. In ophthalmic surgery, regional anesthesia (pterygopalatine fossa blockade) is used before surgery in combination with infusion of dexmedetomidine. Materials and methods. The study was conducted at the premises of Dnipropet­rovsk Regional Clinical Ophthalmologic Hospital, 61 patients were examined after penetrating keratoplasty. The age of the subjects ranged from 18 to 60 years (mean age of 52.1 ± 2.0 years). Patients were randomized into two groups. Group d (n = 30) are patients who received anesthesia according to the following scheme: premedication for 40 min — infusion of dexmedetomidine, ondansetron 4 mg, dexamethasone 4 mg, ketorolac 30 mg intravenously; induction — propofol 2–2.5 mg/kg fractionally until the onset of the clinical signs of anesthesia, fentanyl 0.005% 0.1 mg; relaxation on the background of atracurium besylate 0.3–0.6 mg/kg, tracheal intubation; maintenance of anesthesia: oxygen — sevoflurane mixture with FiO2 50–55 %, end-expired sevoflurane 1.4–1.8 vol.% (1–1.5 minimum alveolar concentration), use of low-flow technique. In the second group (db, n = 31), anesthesia was performed as in group d with the addition of pterygopalatine fossa blockade. Group d included 18 (60 %) men and 12 (40 %) women, mean age of 49.5 ± 2.5 years; db group — 16 (51.61 %) men and 15 (48.39 %) women (p = 0.583 according to the chi-square), mean age of 55.5 ± 3.2 years (p = 0.142 according to the t-test). Results. A comparative analysis of changes in cognitive status between db and d groups has shown no significant changes (p < 0.05) at different stages of neuropsychological testing. When considering the results of testing to assess short-term verbal memory in db and d groups, there was a 25 % decrease in the first 6 hours after surgery. After all, in d group, the indicators remained low compared to baseline until the 7th day of the postoperative period, while in the db group the recovery of short-term memory occurred one day after surgery. In both groups, the result of the Luria test on day 21 exceeded the baseline by 12.5 % in both groups. Examination using visual analogue scale has demonstrated that patients in db group felt better than those in d group. Conclusions. Thus, we see that the combination of dexmedetomidine with regional anesthesia in addition to less impact on the cognitive state improves the subjective well-being in the postoperative period in patients in ophthalmic surgery. Due to this, another link of influence on the etiological factors of postoperative cognitive dysfunction formation seems to appear.

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-56
Author(s):  
Ganna S. Dorofeeva ◽  
Yuriy Yu. Kobelyatskyy

This article examines and analyzes the dependence of the state of the central nervous system (CNS) in the postoperative period in patients who underwent penetrating keratoplasty. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The analysis of cognitive status was performed using neuropsychological testing involving the scale of frontal dysfunctions (Frontal Assessment BatteryFAB) and a short scale for assessing mental status (Mini-Mental State ExaminationMMSE). The results were assessed on the eve of the operation, 6 h after the operation, and 7 and 21 days after the operation. Depending on the applied method of anesthesia, several groups were identified. In group d, general anesthesia (OA) was used with dexmedetomidine infusion 40 min before surgery. In group b (before surgery), a wing-palatine fossa block was performed 20 min, in addition to general anesthesia. Anesthesia was maintained with sevofluraneoxygen mixture at a low gas flow. The groups were statistically comparable in terms of age and gender. The depth of anesthesia and sedation was assessed using the bispectral index and analgesia nociception index, respectively. RESULTS: According to the results of testing on the MMSE and FAB scales, the cognitive indicators in the first 6 h after surgery were higher in group d than in group b. However, by day 21, these indicators differed slightly (p 0.05). Thus, the following tendencies were observed in group b 6 h after the operation: a decrease in indicators on the MMSE scale by 20.8% and on the FAB scale by 28.6% from the initial level. For group d, the indicators on the MMSE scale were reduced by 8.3%, and those on the FAB scale were reduced by 13.3% at the same stage of the study. When testing on the same scales 21 days after surgery, the indicators of cognitive functions were restored to the initial level in both groups. CONCLUSION: The levels of cognitive functions of ophthalmic surgical patients after surgery involving regional anesthesia and dexmedetomidine differed significantly in the first hours of the postoperative period. After 21 days, the neuropsychological status did not differ significantly (p 0.05).


2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-54
Author(s):  
G.S. Dorofeeva

This study considered the influence of the chosen method of analgesia on the state of cognitive functions in the postoperative period. Cognitive status analysis was performed using neuropsychological testing: Frontal Assessment Battery (FAB) and Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). The examination was performed in several stages: the day before surgery, 6 hours after it and on day 21 of the postoperative period. Patients were divided into two groups: group d received general anesthesia with the addition of dexmedetomidine for 40 minutes before surgery, anesthesia was maintained with sevoflurane-oxygen mixture on a small gas flow. In group b, the method of general anesthesia was supplemen­ted by the pterygopalatine fossa blockade for 20 minutes prior to the intervention. The groups were statistically comparable in terms of age and sex. Evaluation of the depth of analgesia was performed using analgesia nociception index, evaluation of the depth of anesthesia — with bispectral index. The result of the study showed that, according to neuropsychological testing on the MMSE and FAB, the indicators were more reduced in the postoperative period when using a combination of general anesthesia and the pterygopalatine fossa blockade than in the group received dexmedetomidine as a component of multimodal analgesia (p < 0.001). According to the examination after 6 hours of the postoperative period in group b, the MMSE indicators decreased by 20.8 %, the FAB — by 28.6 % from baseline. When analyzing the results in group d 6 hours after intervention, the indicators of cognitive status on the MMSE were below baseline by 8.3 %, on the FAB — by 13.3 %. Neuropsychological testing on day 21 using the MMSE and FAB showed recovery of cognitive function in both groups. Conclusion. Cognitive status in ophthalmic patients after penetrating keratoplasty according to the MMSE and FAB in both types of anesthesia differed significantly at the second stage of the study (in 6 hours), and over time (21 days after) differences between the groups of the pterygopalatine fossa blockade and of dexmedetomidine were insignificant (p > 0.05).


2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Klaske Oberman ◽  
Iris Hovens ◽  
Jacco de Haan ◽  
Joana Falcao-Salles ◽  
Barbara van Leeuwen ◽  
...  

Abstract Background Inflammation is considered a key factor in the development of postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD). Therefore, we hypothesized that pre-operative anti-inflammatory treatment with ibuprofen would inhibit POCD in our rat-model. Methods Male Wistar rats of 3 or 23 months old received a single injection of ibuprofen (15 mg/kg i.p.) or were control handled before abdominal surgery. Timed blood and fecal samples were collected for analyses of inflammation markers and gut microbiome changes. Behavioral testing was performed from 9 to 14 days after surgery, in the open field, novel object- and novel location-recognition tests and Morris water maze. Neuroinflammation and neurogenesis were assessed by immune histochemistry after sacrifice on postoperative day 14. Results Ibuprofen improved short-term spatial memory in the novel location recognition test, and increased hippocampal neurogenesis. However, these effects were associated with increased hippocampal microglia activity. Whereas plasma cytokine levels (IL1-β, IL6, IL10, and TNFα) were not significantly affected, VEGF levels increased and IFABP levels decreased after ibuprofen. Long-term memory in the Morris water maze was not significantly improved by ibuprofen. The gut microbiome was neither significantly affected by surgery nor by ibuprofen treatment. In general, effects in aged rats appeared similar to those in young rats, though less pronounced. Conclusion A single injection of ibuprofen before surgery improved hippocampus-associated short-term memory after surgery and increased neurogenesis. However, this favorable outcome seemed not attributable to inhibition of (neuro)inflammation. Potential contributions of intestinal and blood-brain barrier integrity need further investigation. Although less pronounced compared to young rats, effects in aged rats indicate that even elderly individuals could benefit from ibuprofen treatment.


2021 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Kalliopi Megari ◽  
Kalliopi Megari

Background and Objective: Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) involves decline in several cognitive domains after surgery and is particularly common after cardiac surgery. Given the potential effects of such cognitive dysfunction on quality of life, it is important to study it in multiple populations in order to limit its occurrence. Recent advances in surgical technology may assist in achieving this goal. Methods: We present the long-term neuropsychological outcome of two elderly patients, one of whom had off pump heart surgery and the other oncological surgery. We administered a series of neuropsychological tests assessing attention, complex scanning, verbal working memory, executive functioning, short-term and long-term memory, and visuospatial perception before surgery, prior to discharge, at 3-month follow-up and 6 years after surgery. We compared the performance of these two patients to normative datasets. Results: Despite equivalent levels of pre-surgery performance between the two patients, the oncology patient exceeded his preoperative neurocognitive levels, suggesting less postoperative cognitive dysfunction in the heart patient overall, on all neuropsychological domains at 6-year follow-up, except short-term retention. In contrast, the heart patient showed no improvement, and, instead, showed some cognitive decline which remained consistent over time. Conclusion: Our findings highlight the critical role of the type of surgery utilized in the development of POCD and have implications for clinical management and patients’ quality of life in the very long term.


2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 122-128
Author(s):  
G.S. Dorofeeva

Reduction of cognitive functions in the postoperative period is gaining importance in the context of the insurance medicine introduction. Operational stress and anaesthetization are factors which increase the risk of deepening and developing postoperative cognitive dysfunction. The function of short-term memory, attention function, and the speed of psychomotor cognitive reactions are the most vulnerable to the action of general anesthetics. The influence of various methods of anesthesia on cognitive functions in ophthalmic surgery patients after end-to-end keratoplasty has been studied in this research work. Dexmedetomidine was used (the selective agonist of α-adrenoreceptors) as one of the components of multimodal anaesthetization. The sedative effect of this drug is explained by inhibition of neural activity in the blue spot of the brain stem. Dexmedetomidine is known to be used for sedation of patients. It allowed possibility to reduce the amount of fentanyl which was necessary for intra-and post-operative anaesthetization. Our research was conducted on the basis of ME "DRCOH". 78 patients at the age of 18 to 60 years were examined after end-to-end keratoplasty. Non-inclusion criteria: presence of concomitant pathology, neurological diseases, use of psychotropic substances and alcohol 6 months before the study. The study was conducted using neuropsychological testing: the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE),the Frontal Assessment Battery (FAB), and Luria’s test. Testing was performed before the operation, in 6, 24 hours, 7 and 21 days. Patients were randomized into two groups. The first group – group k (n1=45) included patients who were provided with anaesthetic management according to the following scheme:premedication — ondansetron 4 mg, dexamethasone 4 mg, ketorolac 30 mg intravenously, sibazone 10 mg, fentanyl 0.1 mg intramuscularly 40 minutes before intervention. Induction of propofol – 2-2.5 mg/kg fractionally to achieve clinical symptoms of anaesthetization, fentanyl – 0.005% 0.1 mg tracheal intubation after relaxation on the background of atracuriumbenzylate – 0.3-0.6 mg/kg. Maintaining of anaesthetization: oxygen-sevoflurane mixture FiO250-55%, sevoflurane 1,4-1,8 vol.% on exhalation (1-1. 5 WT.) with the flow of no more than 1 l/min. BIS indicators were kept at the level of 30-40, during the surgery, the bolus injection of 0.1 mg of fentanyl was used in the event of hemodynamic reactions. Anaesthetic support was performed using the infusion of dexmedetomidin for 40 minutes, ondansetron 4 mg, dexamethasone 4 mg, ketorolac 30 mg intravenously in the second group d (n2=33). Induction, relaxation and maintenance of anaesthetization were performed as in the previous group. Intra-operative monitoring of patients in both groups included: non-invasive measurement of blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), pulse oximetry, determination of blood gases (oxygen, carbon dioxide and inhaled anesthetic on inhalation and exhalation). Control of the depth of anaesthetization was performed on the basis of BIS and ANI - monitoring. The use of dexmedetomidinu as the component of a multi-modal method of anaesthetizational al lowed obtaining less pronounced POCD, due to the reduction in the number of used drugs. Further use of the combination of highly selective agonists of α2-adrenoreceptors with regional anaesthetization in ophthalmic surgery is the promising method.


Author(s):  
Wael Saasouh ◽  
Shobana Rajan

Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) is an underdiagnosed serious complication occurring after a surgical procedure. It carries risks for short-term and long-term complications and may predispose an individual to a multitude of morbidities, increased healthcare-related cost, as well as death. Prevention of POCD is the most important step in avoiding morbidity, and steps to minimize its effect include early detection, proper management, and diligent follow-up. This chapter discusses, among other issues, measurement and examination of POCD, cognitive function in the preoperative and postoperative setting, intraoperative factors that influence POCD, complications of POCD, and strategies to protect patients against POCD.


2018 ◽  
Vol 84 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ippolito Traupe ◽  
Marilù Giacalone ◽  
Jacopo Agrimi ◽  
Matteo Baroncini ◽  
Antonella Pomé ◽  
...  

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