Diphtheria–tetanus–pertussis vaccine: past, current & future

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marta Prygiel ◽  
Ewa Mosiej ◽  
Paulina Górska ◽  
Aleksandra A Zasada
Keyword(s):  
Pertussis Vaccine ◽  
Tetanus Toxoid ◽  
Diphtheria Toxin ◽  
Diphtheria Toxoid ◽  
The Future ◽  
Dtp Vaccine

The diphtheria–tetanus–pertussis (DTP) vaccine can prevent diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis. The component antigens of the DTP vaccine had long been monovalent vaccines. The pertussis vaccine was licensed in 1914. The same year, the mixtures of diphtheria toxin and antitoxin were put into use. In 1926, alum-precipitated diphtheria toxoid was registered, and in 1937 adsorbed tetanus toxoid was put on the market. The development of numerous effective DTP vaccines quickly stimulated efforts to combine DTP with other routine vaccines for infants. This overview covers the most important information regarding the invention of DTP vaccines, their modifications and the needs that should be focused on in the future.

scholarly journals Thermal inactivation of diphtheria toxoid following drying by sublimation in vacuo

1967 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimir Damjanovic ◽  
Marija Iovicic
Keyword(s):  
Elevated Temperature ◽  
Pertussis Vaccine ◽  
Tetanus Toxoid ◽  
Diphtheria Toxin ◽  
High Stability ◽  
Thermal Inactivation ◽  
Diphtheria Toxoid ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Adverse Conditions ◽  
Very High

The Lf values of diphtheria toxoid alone and in combination with tetanus toxoid or tetanus toxoid plus pertussis vaccine, dried by sublimation in vacuo, sealed under nitrogen, exposed to elevated temperature and rehydrated thereafter were not altered. Lf values declined in samples sealed under air. The values for Kf in the above preparations increased in relation to increased temperatures of exposure for a given time or following exposure to a given temperature for increased time intervals. The sensitivity of the system of testing used was greater following the addition of ‘helper’, a fast flocculating solution of diphtheria toxin, and in the case of dried diphtheria toxoid stored under adverse conditions (sealed under air) for two years, the addition of ‘helper’ was necessary to obtain a flocculation reaction. In general, the results obtained indicated a very high stability for preparations sealed under nitrogen, and a significantly lower stability for preparations sealed under air.

scholarly journals Safety of repeated doses of tetanus toxoid, reduced diphtheria toxoid, and acellular pertussis vaccine in adults and adolescents

2018 ◽  
Vol 27 (8) ◽  
pp. 921-925 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael L. Jackson ◽  
Onchee Yu ◽  
Jennifer C. Nelson ◽  
James D. Nordin ◽  
Sara Y. Tartof ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pertussis Vaccine ◽  
Tetanus Toxoid ◽  
Acellular Pertussis Vaccine ◽  
Diphtheria Toxoid ◽  
Repeated Doses

Vaccine effectiveness of tetanus toxoid, reduced diphtheria toxoid, and acellular pertussis vaccine during a pertussis outbreak in Maine

Vaccine ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 34 (22) ◽  
pp. 2496-2500 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Terranella ◽  
Vicki Rea ◽  
Matthew Griffith ◽  
Susan Manning ◽  
Steven Sears ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pertussis Vaccine ◽  
Tetanus Toxoid ◽  
Vaccine Effectiveness ◽  
Acellular Pertussis Vaccine ◽  
Diphtheria Toxoid

Comparison of a Three-Component Acellular Pertussis Vaccine With a Whole-Cell Pertussis Vaccine in 15- Through 20-Month-Old Infants

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 93 (4) ◽  
pp. 656-659
Author(s):  
Henry H. Bernstein ◽  
Edward P. Rothstein ◽  
Sarah S. Long ◽  
Keith S. Reisinger ◽  
Mark M. Blatter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Pertussis Vaccine ◽  
Tetanus Toxoid ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Acellular Pertussis Vaccine ◽  
Diphtheria Toxoid ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Whole Cell ◽  
Filamentous Hemagglutinin

Objective. To compare the immunogenicity and reactogenicity of a diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and three-component acellular pertussis vaccine (DTaP) with a diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and whole-cell pertussis vaccine (DTwP) when administered as a booster dose to infants 15 through 20 months of age. Design. Randomized, double-blind, comparative study. Setting. Three pediatric practices (two private; one hospital-based). Participants. One hundred and sixty-five healthy 15-through 20-month old infants. Selection procedures and interventions. Infants were randomly assigned in a 2:1 ratio to receive vaccine from a single lot of DTaP or from commercially available DTwP. DTaP contained 25 µg of pertussis toxoid, 25 µg of filamentous hemagglutinin, 8 µg of pertactin (69-kilodalton outer membrane protein), 25 flocculating units of diphtheria toxoid, and 10 flocculating units of tetanus toxoid per 0.5-mL dose. DTwP contained one half the concentrations of diphtheria and tetanus toxoids compared with DTaP and a pertussis component with a potency of 4 U/0.5-mL dose. Serum samples were obtained on the day of immunization and 4 weeks later. Adverse reactions were recorded by parents for 7 days after immunization. An interval history was obtained 4 weeks after immunization. Measurements and results. IgG antibody to pertussis toxoid, filamentous hemagglutinin, pertactin, diphtheria toxoid, and tetanus toxoid was measured by an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. One month after immunization, the geometric mean antibody levels after DTaP compared with DTwP were: pertussis toxoid, 70.6 vs 28 ELISA U/mL (P = .003); filamentous hemagglutinin, 183.4 vs 43 ELISA U/mL (P < .001); pertactin, 216 vs 49.9 ELISA U/mL (P < .001); diphtheria, 14.1 vs 14.9 IU/mL (P = .74); and tetanus, 11.9 vs 14.8 IU/mL (P = .089). After immunization with DTaP, most local and systemic adverse experiences were significantly fewer compared with DTwP (P < .05). Conclusions. This three-component DTaP vaccine demonstrates significantly greater immune responses to pertussis toxoid, filamentous hemagglutinin, and pertactin, equivalent immune responses to diphtheria and tetanus toxoids, and significantly less reactogenicity compared with a licensed DTwP.

Round Table Discussion

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1948 ◽  
Vol 2 (6) ◽  
pp. 722-730
Author(s):  
WALLACE SAKO
Keyword(s):  
Skin Test ◽  
Pertussis Vaccine ◽  
Tetanus Toxoid ◽  
Round Table ◽  
Diphtheria Toxoid ◽  
Round Table Discussion ◽  
Final Dose ◽  
The Third ◽  
Triple Mixture ◽  
Adequate Evidence

Four monthly doses of an alum-precipitated mixture of diphtheria toxoid and H. pertussis vaccine administered after the third or fourth month of life should confer immunity to diphtheria and pertussis. Three monthly or bimonthly doses of an alum-precipitated "triple" mixture of diphtheria toxoid, H. pertussis vaccine, and tetanus toxoid administered after the sixth month of life should confer immunity to diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus. Alternate gluteal regions are the sites of choice for alum-precipitated antigens in children under three years. When performed three months or more after the final dose of mixed alum-precipitated antigens the positive pertussis agglutinogen skin test and the negative Schick test for diphtheria were adequate evidence of immunity. Before a previously immunized child attends kindergarten or school, one stimulating dose of alum-precipitated mixed antigen is recommended. Probable exposure to a disease of a previously immunized child warrants very prompt administration of one stimulating dose of the respective fluid antigen.

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