Educational Accommodations for Students With Disabilities: Two Equity-Related Concerns

Educational accommodations are frequently given to students with disabilities. For instance, students might be given a copy of class notes or provided additional time to complete a test. One purpose of accommodations is to improve educational equity, putting all students on equal footing. However, research on current accommodations practices raises two distinct equity-related concerns. First, students from privileged backgrounds are more likely to receive certain accommodations even without adequate evidence of need; this can provide an unfair boost in performance and widen gaps among students. Second, when students from less privileged backgrounds are given accommodations, the incentive for schools to provide academic remediation, compensatory strategies, and coping skills is lessened, leaving these students in a worse position when accommodations are not available outside of educational settings. Implications for practice are discussed.

Tshiota Rituals among the Luba People of Kasai Central in the Democratic Republic of Congo

Among the Luba people, the tshiota is one of the powerful types of indigenous manga (charms) used by the community. Tshiota is a traditional fire of power used for rituals, where invocations are made to the departed ancestors, spirits, and angels. It is a place of purification, cleansing, blessings, and making sacrifices. The study employed a qualitative research that was rooted in phenomenology. The concentration of the study was on the Kasai Central Province for two main reasons: one, the region has one of the major ethnic groups in the country and thus adequate evidence exists of use of manga in the area. The target population for the study was the Luba people who lived in Kasai Central Province. From this target population, charm givers, militia and political leaders were selected as the units of observation by the researcher.The findings of the research established tshiota is used to perform rituals and invocations to call upon the ancestors for help when there is a problem in the community. This help includes protection of community members before they go out to perform an activity on behalf of the community. This includes activities such as fighting during war. Tshiota fire was used also by the militia including Kamwina Nsapu who were fighting the government. They were initiated through fires of tshiota and drinking a powerful potion called tshizaba. Manga made the militia to be very powerful and strong in their fight for justice and good governance in Kasai. Through this abilities, they were able to fight and win against the modern day government in their effort to bring change and accountability in modern political leadership. Manga were used to deal with corruption and other mal-practices, hence bring forth justice and good governance in Kasai Central Province, in DRC.

Bullshit, trust, and evidence

It has become almost a cliché to say that we live in a post-truth world; that people of all trades speak with an indifference to truth. Speaking with an indifference to how things really are is famously regarded by Harry Frankfurt as the essence of bullshit. This paper aims to contribute to the philosophical and theoretical pragmatics discussion of bullshit. The aim of the paper is to offer a new theoretical analysis of what bullshit is, one that is more encompassing than Frankfurt’s original characterization. I part ways with Frankfurt in two points. Firstly, I propose that we should not analyze bullshit in intentional terms (i.e. as indifference). Secondly, I propose that we should not analyze it in relation to truth. Roughly put, I propose that bullshit is best characterized as speaking with carelessness toward the evidence for one’s conversational contribution. I bring forward, in the third section, a battery of examples that motivate this characterization. Furthermore, I argue that we can analyze speaking with carelessness toward the evidence in Gricean terms as a violation of the second Quality maxim. I argue that the Quality supermaxim, together with its subordinate maxims, demand that the speaker is truthful (contributes only what she believes to be true) and reliable (has adequate evidence for her contribution). The bullshitter’s main fault lies in being an unreliable interlocutor. I further argue that we should interpret what counts as adequate evidence, as stipulated by the second Quality Maxim, in contextualist terms: the subject matter and implicit epistemic standards determine how much evidence one needs in order to have adequate evidence. I contrast this proposed reading with a subjectivist interpretation of what counts as having adequate evidence and show that they give different predictions. Finally, working with a classic distinction, I argue that we should not understand bullshit as a form of deception but rather as a form of misleading speech.

Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Group (PVTGs) Landscape amidst COVID-19

A polarised society like that of the Vulnerable Tribal Groups suffer profound ineffective social capital as well as blocked pathways of upward mobility in the society. This leads to a vicious poverty trap. The inception of this pandemic has cost these PVTGs even more profound impact. As the lands inhabited by Indigenous Peoples from time immemorial are the only areas in India with healthy forests, rich biodiversity and other natural riches. Their very own ancestral lands are promulgated as the specific target of developing. India’s speedy economic development schemes and programs during the COVID-19 lockdown, Indigenous people then bear the brunt of the most serious challenges by the COVID-19 pandemic. To explore these the connotations, this paper uses a mix of quantitative and cross examining qualitative factors using statistical tools to reach a final conclusion. This would be through employing the newfound econometric analysis of the parameters. Qualitative analysis through patterns of mobility, and confirms the continuation of this pattern of limited upward mobility and a low-level poverty trap. In addition, both parameters would permit a closer look at the crucial role played by social relationships which are often missed out by the profit-surplus entities through adequate evidence of active social instruments of kinship, descent, capital, etc. This would help in delineating an economic sense of these primitive societies to sociability amongst the tribals engaging in labour markets in the urban regions, fostering products in ‘Mandis’ and contract schemes with the government and private entities, elimination of the polarised economic legacy of their ‘savage’ ‘barbaric image’ will ultimately require more proactive efforts.

Measuring entrepreneurship in adolescents at school: New psychometric evidence on the BEPE-A

The economic situation worldwide demands individuals with entrepreneurial skills and aptitudes. The adolescence stage is a critical period in which these abilities could be developed and the school is a relevant setting for this purpose. To this end, instruments that allow assessing enterprising abilities are needed. Nonetheless, there remains a lack of instruments with adequate evidence of validity. The purpose of this study was, thus, to analyze the psychometric properties of the Battery for the Assessment of the Enterprising Personality-Adaptive (BEPE-A). The sample included a total of 1105 participants (men = 528; 47.4%) with an age range from 12 to 19 years (M = 15.23 years; SD = 4.40). The BEPE-A and the Entrepreneurial Attitudes Scale for Students (EASS) were used in the study. The EFA, conducted in a subsample of 512 participants, revealed that each of the subscales of the BEPE-A were basically unidimensional. The CFA, conducted in a second subsample of 593 participants, showed that a bifactor model best fit the BEPE-A structure. In addition, measurement invariance was found both by gender and age. The BEPE-A was positively associated with other measures of entrepreneurship. Results found in the study contribute valuable information about new evidences of a battery that allows screening for entrepreneurship in a critical developmental period such as adolescence, and in a relevant setting like school.

The Preliminary Inquiry

“A crowd of solemn-faced African villagers sat on the stone benches around the whitewashed walls of the court, squatted on the concrete floor and stood four deep outside.” In early May, the magistrate holds a preliminary inquiry (PI) in Maswa. After a three-day hearing, the magistrate orders Bill to be held for trial in the High Court in Mwanza because the prosecution has presented a prima facie case. Several eyewitnesses are called to testify about the events on Impala Hill on March 27, 1966. Although the prosecution presents its entire case, the defense offers none of its evidence because under Tanzanian law it can be reserved for later. A strategic decision is made based on the assumption that the prosecution has adequate evidence to lead the magistrate to order Bill to trial; in this way, the prosecution will be unprepared and surprised by evidence put forward at the trial.

THE COOPERATIVE PRINCIPLE VIOLATION IN CLASSROOM TEACHING LEARNING PROCESS

The purpose of this research is to investigate the cooperative principle violation between the teacher and the students in grade eighth classroom teaching and learning process in SMP N 11 Pematangsiantar. The problem of this research was What cooperative principle are violated by the teacher and the students in grade eighth classroom teaching and learning process in SMP N 11 Pematangsiantar, To solve the problem, the researchers use some theories like: Grundy (2000), Yule (1996), Cruse (2000), Cook (1989), Cutting (2002), Moloeong (2007), Grice (1975). The research done in this study follows descriptive qualitative perspective. Source data in this study is the cooperative principle violation between the teacher and the students in grade eighth classroom teaching and learning process in SMP N 11 Pematangsiantar. Descriptive research describes what it is. It involves the descriptions, recording, analysis, and interpretation of conditions that exist. After analyzing the data, the researchers conclude that the maxim are flouted if the information is more informative than is required, ambiguous, uses symbolic, not absolutely true, lack of adequate evidence. The maxim can be flouted when the researcherss produce some utterances in the form. From the data can found the maxim, they are: maxim of Quality, maxim of Quantity, maxim of Relevant, maxim of Manner. The maxim flout when the conversation started until the end, so the maxim can used in the conversation and the conversation can analyze with the maxim.

Updated Approaches against SARS-CoV-2

ABSTRACT Novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) lies behind the ongoing outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). There is a growing understanding of SARS-CoV-2 in virology, epidemiology, and clinical management strategies. However, no anti-SARS-CoV-2 drug or vaccine has been officially approved due to the absence of adequate evidence. Scientists are racing to develop a treatment for COVID-19. Recent studies have revealed many attractive therapeutic options, even if some of them remain to be further confirmed in rigorous preclinical models and clinical trials. In this minireview, we aim to summarize the updated potential approaches against SARS-CoV-2. We emphasize that further efforts are warranted to develop the safest and most effective approach.