scholarly journals Socialrealisme – et nyt perspektiv på viden

2017 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-52
Author(s):  
Verner Larsen
Keyword(s):  
Educational Research ◽  
Critical Realism ◽  
Social Realism ◽  
Educational Sociology ◽  
Men I ◽  
Concepts Of Knowledge ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
Basic Ideas ◽  
Analytical Tools

’Socialrealisme’ kendes bedst som en kunstnerisk udtryksform, men i denne artikel introduceres ’socialrealisme’ som en nyere uddannelsessociologisk retning. Teoretikere som Rob Moore, Karl Maton, Johan Muller, Michael. F.D. Young og John Beck har været toneangivende i udviklingen af denne tænkning, der tog sit afsæt i slutningen af 1990’erne, hvor en fælles bestræbelse og et særligt fokus har været at sætte et nyt og forstærket perspektiv på viden. Denne udviklingsretning benævnes i artiklen som social-realisme-skolen (SRS). I formuleringen af en videnskabelig position har SRS forsøgt at overkomme, hvad den kalder ’det epistemologiske dilemma’, hvilket vil sige at bryde den falske dikotomi mellem positivistiske og relativistiske positioner. SRS hævder, at især konstruktivistiske strømninger har ført til en relativisering af vidensbegrebet, der har været med til at fortrænge viden som et selvstændigt objekt i uddannelsessociologisk forskning. I artiklen præsenteres realismetænkningens grundlæggende teoretiske forankringspunkter, argumentationer og kritikker inden for det socialvidenskabelige område. Herfra redegøres for, hvordan SRS som uddannelsessociologi har udviklet og udfoldet tænkningen med særlig fokus på problematikker i vidensproduktion og reproduktion i uddannelsesverdenen. De centrale problematikker, som førende socialrealister inden for uddannelsesverdenen refererer til, såsom ’det epistemologiske dilemma’ og’ emergente egenskaber’, herunder struktur- aktørforholdet, uddybes gennem inddragelse af teoretikere, som SRS læner sig op ad, primært R. Bhaskar, J. Alexander, M. Archer og B. Bernstein. Gennem to afsluttede curriculumstudier fra uddannelsesverdenen vises, hvordan analytiske begreber grundet i SRS kan anvendes i curriculumforskningen til at fremanalysere vidensstrukturer. Afslutningsvis diskuteres også kritik af socialrealismen med henblik på at nuancere diskussionen og dermed indkredse, hvad der generelt kan være socialrealismens nye bidrag i uddannelsesforskningen. ENGELSK ABSTRACT Verner Larsen: Social realism as a new perspective on knowledge Social realism is a relatively new direction in educational sociology. Its mission has been to establish a new focus on knowledge in educational research. Social realism argues that perspectives such as constructivism have led to an over-emphasis on the concepts of ‘learning’ and ‘competence’, which in turn have obscured viewing knowledge as an independent object. According to social realists, this emphasis on concepts of learning and competence has removed focus from the development of theories and concepts of knowledge that otherwise would have been able to differentiate ‘learning’ from ‘competence’. This article presents the basic ideas of social realism, its theoretical roots, and main arguments. In order to nuance the discussion, the article also includes some criticism of social realism, thereby identifying the new contributions of social realism to educational research. It also presents some analytical tools developed on basis of social realism that can be used in educational sociology. This is done by an analysis of curriculums from two Danish professional educations. Keywords: Social realism, Critical realism, educational sociology.

The Kurdish Adpositional System: New Perspectives

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-35
Author(s):  
Sameerah Tawfeeq Saeed
Keyword(s):  
Categorial Status ◽  
Syntactic Status ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
Basic Ideas ◽  
Semantic Properties

In this paper I present a basic descriptive overview of the adpositional system in Kurdish supported by illustrative examples from the Sorani dialect. Based on this, two classes are identified: simple and compound. Their morphological, syntactic and semantic properties are discussed in detail, highlighting the distinctions among them. The classification is further supported by the application of an extended P projection as proposed in Saeed (2015) which shares the basic ideas of Svenonius’ (2010) model of spatial P projection providing a new perspective of the role of spatial adpositions. I also examine the categorial status of several bound morphemes which attach to complements of some adpositions and argue that they are clitics associated with specific locative meanings. I propose the existence of PLACE head as a solution to the syntactic status of the locative clitics. I also show that postulating PLACE in the P projection does not clash with the existence of AxPart as they are two distinct elements syntactically and semantically.

scholarly journals SEARCHING FOR SCIENCE OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS: INSIGHTS FROM CRITICAL REALISM

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 135-151
Author(s):  
N. Yudin
Keyword(s):  
Critical Realism ◽  
International Studies ◽  
Ir Theory ◽  
Social Phenomena ◽  
Perception Of Causality ◽  
Ir Studies ◽  
International Trends ◽  
Technical Issues ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
Quantitative And Qualitative Methods

A serious academic debate in general, let alone on theoretical and methodological issues, is rare for both Western and Russian peer-reviewed journals. In the context of discussion, launched by a polemical article by a prominent Russian IR expert Alexey Fenenko, published in 2018 in the ‘International Trends’ journal, is more important and noteworthy. Nominally both this article and the subsequent responses from Denis Degterev, Igor Istomin, Andrey Baykov and Konstantin Khudoley focused on a long-running dispute between the proponents of quantitative and qualitative methods in IR studies. However, the true essence of this discussion, as well as its implications, goes far beyond a mere technical argument about methods. The present article examines this discussion as well as developments in contemporary IR theory through the lens of critical realism (CR). The first section considers the arguments of the discussants and shows that they tend to focus on secondary, technical issues leaving out the key subject of the dispute, i.e. how should international studies be organized in order to have a right to be called a science. In order to bring this issue back into the spotlight and to provide a new perspective on the issue, the second section considers the problem field of the contemporary IR theory from the viewpoint of CR. According to critical realists all predominant approaches in the mainstream IR theory are rooted in the Humean empiricism which to a large extent explains both epistemological and practical limitations of the contemporary IR studies. As an alternative, they advance the ideas of the founder of critical realism, British philosopher R. Bhaskar. The third section examines the key epistemological and ontological provisions of CR, which include the fundamental recognition of objective reality, existing prior to and beyond human activities, reality, which is stratified and differentiated. They also entail a specific perception of causality and of possible limits of cogniscibility and predictability of social phenomena. Nonetheless the article is far from a straightforward apology of critical realism. The fourth section identifies certain weaknesses of contemporary interpretations of CR in the context of IR theory, which include a static nature of their methodology and inconsistency of their implications. The author concludes that the major contribution of CR to the IR theory lies in providing a clear path for further research – that is development of materialist theories and approaches.

scholarly journals Rethinking mechanism and process in the geographical analysis of uneven development

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 226-255 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henry Wai-chung Yeung
Keyword(s):  
Path Dependence ◽  
Critical Realism ◽  
Causal Explanation ◽  
Uneven Development ◽  
Geographical Analysis ◽  
The Past ◽  
Core Concepts ◽  
Conceptual Distinction ◽  
Careful Specification ◽  
Analytical Tools

Speaking directly to economic and political geographers working on uneven development, this article critically examines the deployment of two key concepts, mechanism and process, as analytical tools for causal explanation in geographical analysis during the past two decades. Drawing upon critical realism to develop a theory of mechanism, this article clarifies the conceptual distinction between mechanism and process. Whereas process is conceived as a contingent change in the sequential series of entities and their relations, mechanism serves as a necessary relation to connect an initial causal condition with its particular socio-spatial outcomes in context. This analytical distinction between a contingent process of change and a necessary mechanism for an outcome requires a careful specification of the concrete outcomes to be explained and the working of various mechanisms. Illustrating my case through existing studies of neoliberalization and, briefly, path dependence, I argue that there is a tendency in the literature to conflate mechanism and process in different meso-level theories of socio-spatial change. This conflation, in turn, distorts the causal links in core concepts and reduces their explanatory efficacy in accounting for uneven development. Rethinking mechanism and process can therefore help revitalize systematic explanations of uneven development as one of geography’s core intellectual projects and contributions to the social sciences; it can also allow geographers to engage more productively with the rapidly growing mechanistic thought in analytical sociology, political science and the philosophy of social science during the past two decades.

scholarly journals Ontology, Epistemology, Strategy and Method in Educational Research. A Critical Realist Approach

2014 ◽  
Vol 7 (14) ◽  
pp. 29 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Scott
Keyword(s):  
Educational Research ◽  
Critical Realism ◽  
Modus Operandi ◽  
Realist Approach ◽  
Critical Realist ◽  
The World ◽  
Analyse Data ◽  
Meta Theory

This article focuses on the development of a meta-theory for the use and application of qualitative strategies and methods. This meta-theory is sometimes referred to as critical realism, though it is important to acknowledge that there are in existence a number of rival theories that are described as critical realist. The suggestion being made here is that methods and strategies used by researchers to collect and analyse data in the world cannot be a-epistemic, but in every case are underpinned by ontological and epistemological frameworks. In particular, </span><span>the issue of causality is central to any framework that is adopted. Since researchers cannot avoid these philosophical issues then it is obligatory for them to base their methods, strategies and modus operandi on a meta-theory which is both more rational and, in addition, fully comprehensive.

scholarly journals Linguistic barriers to logical reasoning: a new perspective on Aristotelian syllogisms

2018 ◽  
Vol 60 ◽  
pp. 453-468
Author(s):  
Andreas Haida ◽  
Luka Crnič ◽  
Yosef Grodzinsky
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Logical Reasoning ◽  
Error Rates ◽  
Syllogistic Reasoning ◽  
Reasoning Strategies ◽  
Linguistic Barriers ◽  
Reasoning Errors ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
Analytical Tools

Experimental studies investigating logical reasoning performance show very high errorrates of up to 80% and more. Previous research identified scalar inferences of the sentencesof logical arguments as a major error source. We present new analytical tools to quantify theimpact of scalar inferences on syllogistic reasoning. Our proposal builds on a new classificationof Aristotelian syllogisms and a closely linked classification of reasoning behaviors/strategies.We argue that the variation in error rates across syllogistic reasoning tasks is in part due toindividual variation: reasoners follow different reasoning strategies and these strategies playout differently for syllogisms of different classes.Keywords: syllogisms, reasoning errors, individual variation, scalar inferences.

Retooling our anti-corruption arsenals: exploring the potential use of CAQDAS in corruption investigation

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hendi Yogi Prabowo
Keyword(s):  
Computer Assisted ◽  
Content Type ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
Qualitative Data Analysis Software ◽  
Analytical Tools ◽  
Investigation Process ◽  
Practical Implications ◽  
Potential Use ◽  
New Framework

Purpose This paper aims to explore the potential of computer-assisted qualitative data analysis software (CAQDAS) to be used as a corruption investigation tool to help investigators in carrying out their investigative works. Design/methodology/approach By reviewing the literature on qualitative research and fraud investigation, this exploratory study identifies similarities between the two types of inquiries and thus proposing the use of CAQDAS as an innovation in the field of corruption investigation. To demonstrate how a QDA application can support corruption investigators, NVivo is used as a case study from which various key analytical tools are discussed to highlight their potential in supporting a corruption investigation. Findings As a fundamental part of anti-corruption practice in a country, corruption investigation must be planned and executed professionally and adequately. This paper highlights various stages in fraud investigation to identify areas that can be improved with the use of a CAQDAS. Based on the discussion in this paper, the author concludes that the capability of a CAQDAS to assist users in data reduction and data display has the potential to increase the effectiveness and efficiency in various stages of a corruption investigation. Research limitations/implications Based on a self-funded study, this paper only uses a simulation case with a fictitious company to illustrate how a CAQDAS application can be used to support a corruption investigation process. Future studies may benefit from using actual corruption cases in illustrating how such an application can support the investigation process. Practical implications This paper contributes to the innovation in anti-corruption practice by proposing a new framework and tool to develop corruption investigation capacity. Originality/value This paper brings a new perspective into the field of anti-corruption to stimulate innovation in the area of corruption investigation.

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