Psychological, Physical, and Heat Stress Indicators Prior to and after a 15-Minute Structural Firefighting Task

Firefighters work in strenuous conditions for prolonged periods wearing up to 20 kg of personal protective equipment. This often contributes to significant heat and cardiovascular strain. This study examined the relationships between psychological and physical measures taken prior to undertaking a 15 min firefighting task, and the occurrence of heat stress and high levels of fatigue following the task. Nine qualified firefighters completed a 15 min “live burn” scenario designed to mimic a fire started by a two-seater couch in a lounge room and completed simulated tasks throughout the duration. Logical reasoning, speed and accuracy, general motivation and fatigue, and physical and mental effort were recorded pre-scenario, and at 0- and 20-min post-scenario. General motivation and fatigue scores at 0- and 20-min post-scenario were highly correlated with each other (rs = 0.90; p = 0.001). The general motivation and fatigue scores, at 0- and 20-min post-scenario, were also strongly related to pre-task logic/reasoning test scores (Post 0 rs = −0.77, p = 0.016; Post 20 rs = −0.87, p = 0.002). Firefighters with lower logical reasoning and speed and accuracy scores were more susceptible to fatigue and impaired cognition when exposed to rises in core temperature and heat stress.

The Methodology of Comparative Jurisprudence in Tibyān al-Qur’ān (In the light of Injunctions for Mehar)

The exegetical literature which has been written since the era of its compilation exhibits various methodologies and approaches. An important methodology is the interpretation of juristic injunctions. The exegetes especially considered their juristic and rationalistic school of thoughts and preferred their opinions by logical reasoning in interpreting the verses of injunctions. Some commentators expanded the vision of such exegeses by quoting the opinions of scholars, not only belonging to their own sect, but also citing the opinions of scholars of other sects. They endeavored to present relatively detailed comparative study of different school of thoughts which is called Comparative Jurisprudence (Fiqh al-Muqāran). The most prominent example of this methodology in Urdu exegetical literature is Ghulām Rasūl Sa‘īdī’s Qur’ānic Commentary “Tibyān al-Qur’ān”. This exegesis is basically a representative of Fiqh al-Ḥanfī. One of the juristic issues discussed in this commentary is the issue of Mehar (Groom’s gift to bride). He cited the dissenting opinions of various jurists about what is Mehar; what should be the amount of Mehar; which commodities can be used as Mehar; in which conditions the amount of Mahar can be changed etc. He tried to prefer a certain opinion out of many. Tibyān al-Qur’ān is a significant addition to Urdu exegetical literature. This article would analyze the injunctions of Mehar in the light of the most prominent attribute of this exegesis which is Comparative Fiqh.

Chapter 16. Abductive Learning

This chapter will introduce ABL (ABductive Learning), a new paradigm which integrates machine learning and logical reasoning in a balanced loop enabling them to work together in a mutually beneficial way.

Logical Reasoning for Forecasting in Mesopotamia

In this paper, I show that a kind of perfect logical competence is observed in the Babylonian tablets used for forecasting. In these documents, we see an intuition of some algebraic structures that are used for inferring prognoses as logical conclusions. The paper is based mainly on the omen series reconstructed by N. De Zorzi. It is shown that in composing these divination lists there was implicitly used the Boolean algebra.

Criticism of Theism in the Sravakabhumi of the Yogacarabhumi

According to some Indian theists, Isvara or Brahman is the absolute and the creator of the world, an idea that was criticized by Buddhists from the earliest times. This paper considers how Buddhists, particularly the Yogacara school, refute the existence of God as a creator in connection with practice. It seems that all Buddhist sects prove that no universal creator exists, using logical arguments against non-Buddhists. Previous studies have elucidated the proof of the non-existence of Isvara in the Savitarkasavicaradibhumi section of the Yogacarabhumi, the main Yogacara text. However, little attention has been paid to another section, the Sravakabhumi, in which a yoga practitioner uses logical reasoning (anumana) to deal with the denial of Isvara in the course of his or her practice of impermanence (anitya). The Sravakabhumi, probably completed at the earliest stage of compilation of the Yogacarabhumi, describes the practice that could lead to liberation according to the teaching of the Sravakayana. I demonstrate that the Sravakabhumi treats the denial of Isvara as a part of practice, not just as an intellectual exercise aimed at refuting non-Buddhists, and shows the place of discussion of this topic in Buddhist practice.

MEASURING STUDENT’S LOGICAL REASONING SKILLS OF CHINESE SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL USING RASCH MEASUREMENT MODEL

This study aims to develop an evaluation tool to evaluate the overall logical reasoning core literacy skill and understand the differences in logical reasoning skills between students of different classes and genders. The quality of the developed evaluation tool is tested and optimized based on the Rasch model. The measured sample data are processed and analyzed by winsteps software and SPSS software. 122 senior three students from different classes were evaluated by the developed logical reasoning literacy level evaluation tool with good reliability and validity. It was found that the overall logical reasoning skills of senior high school students was concentrated in Level II, and some students could reach Level III; there are obvious differences in the level of logical reasoning skills between the experimental class and the ordinary class. The overall level of the experimental class is higher than that of the ordinary class; there is little difference in the distribution of male and female at the low level, but compared with male, female' literacy Level Is obviously limited after reaching a certain level, so it is difficult to break through and rise to the third level.

Domain-general logical inference by 2.5-year-old toddlers

What are the developmental foundations of logical thought? Here we find that 2.5-year-old toddlers (N=36) can reason using a Disjunctive Inference (i.e., A OR B, NOT A, THEREFORE B) across three contexts, which argues that domain-general logical reasoning may be in place from as early as the third year of life.