scholarly journals A IMPORTÂNCIA ESTRATÉGICA DA ANTÁRTICA PARA CHINA E INDIA A LUZ DO REALISMO OFENSIVO DE MEARSHEIMER

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (13) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mônica Heinzelmann Portella de Aguiar ◽  
Leonardo Faria de Mattos
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
International Order ◽  
Scientific Cooperation ◽  
China And India ◽  
The Future ◽  
Antarctic Treaty ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
The Antarctic ◽  
Antarctic Treaty System

The Antarctic Treaty was signed during the Cold War and intended to preserve the continent and transform it into a conflict free territory, prioritizing scientific cooperation. Despite having quadrupled the number of its signatories, the Antarctic Treaty System (ATS) faces nowadays the uncertainties of the new international order. Starting out from John Mearsheimer’s realistic perspective, this paper aims to analyze, the strategic importance of Antarctica and the interests that China and India have on the continent, as well as speculate on how their rise on the international scenario can impact the future of the Antarctic Treaty System.

Bungled publicity: Little America, big America, and the rationale for non-claimancy, 1946–61

Polar Record ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason Kendall Moore
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Cold War ◽  
Public Opinion ◽  
United States Policy ◽  
Department Of State ◽  
Nation States ◽  
Antarctic Treaty ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
The Antarctic ◽  
Power Negotiations

Although indispensable for hastening the Antarctic Treaty of 1959, United States policy entailed contradictions that jeopardised its domestic ratification. Many senators opposed their government's adherence to the Hughes Doctrine of 1924, requiring sovereignty claims to be based on occupation rather than exploration. US exploration, they knew, had covered more territory than the combined total of the seven nation-states that already had declared their rights based on criteria other than occupation. The Department of State appreciated that public opinion, whether related to Antarctica, the Cold War, or both, might generate congressional pressure to reverse the non-claimant stance and thereby derail the 12-power negotiations even before they reached the conference stage. This article presents evident and hypothetical consequences of policymakers' refusal to address this dilemma, the likelihood of which accompanied an increasingly pro-claimant stance among journalists, as well as the personal exasperation of Admiral Richard E. Byrd.

The Antarctic Treaty of 1959

Antarctica ◽  
2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Day
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
Antarctic Treaty ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
The Antarctic

Why were the Russians and other claimants suddenly prepared in the late 1950s to reach agreement on the governance of Antarctica? The onset of the Cold War and the arrival of Russian whaling fleets had raised fears that territorial rivalry in Antarctica could erupt into...

“Some Sanity and Love”: The Cold War, Antarctic Treaty, and Fids’ identity, 1957–1958

Polar Record ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 55 (5) ◽  
pp. 334-336
Author(s):  
Andrew J. Avery
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
Antarctic Peninsula ◽  
Small Groups ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Falkland Islands ◽  
British Government ◽  
Antarctic Treaty ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
National Governments ◽  
The Antarctic

AbstractIn 1942, the British government created the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey (FIDS) to enforce sovereignty over the Antarctic Peninsula. The small groups of men who worked for the Survey called themselves Fids. During the late 1950s when Antarctic sovereignty was being hotly debated and worked out by national governments, Fids serving at British bases criticised the British government’s use of science as a bargaining chip. Using in-house magazines written and printed at FIDS bases and oral histories, this article examines how Fids viewed Antarctic politics and how those events influenced daily life at bases on the Peninsula.

The Antarctic Treaty System: What’s on the Horizon?

2012 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 709-722 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Jabour
Keyword(s):  
Status Quo ◽  
Short Paper ◽  
Antarctic Marine ◽  
The Future ◽  
Antarctic Treaty ◽  
Areas Of Concern ◽  
Consensus Decision Making ◽  
The Antarctic ◽  
Consensus Decision ◽  
Antarctic Treaty System

Abstract Antarctic commentary is usually full of superlatives when describing 50 years of the Antarctic Treaty and the subsequent system that was developed by its Parties. Primarily this is because the Antarctic Treaty itself has lasted so long, and appears to be robust and enduring. This short paper looks at what is on the horizon for the Parties to the various instruments of the Antarctic Treaty System – the Antarctic Treaty and its Protocol on Environmental Protection, and the Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources. It identifies a number of key areas of concern that will challenge the Parties’ ability to maintain the successful status quo of today and meet the future with confidence. The future, characterised by the changing climate, will test the Parties in a number of crucial ways, including bringing into question their long-held principles of diplomacy and consensus decision-making.

Diplomazia e scienza: la politica antartica del Regno Unito e l'Anno geofisico internazionale, 1955-1959

2009 ◽  
pp. 145-167
Author(s):  
Mauro Elli
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
Traditional Approach ◽  
South American ◽  
Scientific Cooperation ◽  
Positive Role ◽  
International Geophysical Year ◽  
Antarctic Treaty ◽  
Run Up ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
Zero Sum

- This article is concerned with the relations between diplomacy and science in British Antarctic policy in the run-up and during the International Geophysical Year. Using a variety of unpublished documents, it shows how the comprehensively traditional approach of UK diplomacy mainly concerned with territorial disputes with Argentina and Chile in Antarctica, and prestige was an advantage, in that it allowed Britain to play an original, positive role not hamstrung by the zero-sum view of the cold war prevailing in Washington. Caught between financial difficulties and political imperatives, British diplomacy wished to capitalize on the success of international scientific cooperation in order to both solving the dispute with the South American countries and involving positively the USSR. The eventual result was the Antarctic Treaty, a paradigmatic example of interaction between diplomacy and science, and one of the few non-confrontational outcomes of the early cold war.

A continent surrounded by advice: recent reports on Antarctica

Polar Record ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 24 (151) ◽  
pp. 285-291 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter J. Beck
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
European Parliament ◽  
International Affairs ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
The Future ◽  
Antarctic Treaty ◽  
The United Nations ◽  
The Antarctic ◽  
Antarctic Treaty System

AbstractThe enhanced international significance of Antarctica during the 1980s is shown by a proliferation of studies analysing current and future possibilities. The year 1987 proved no exception to this trend; reports issued under the auspices of the European Parliament, the United Nations and the David Davies Memorial Institute of International Affairs reinforced the impression that Antarctica has become a continent surrounded by advice, even if it proves difficult to evaluate how far such reports will influence the policy-makers. Conservation proved a common feature, while the reports, discussed in this article, raise interesting questions about the future of the Antarctic Treaty system.

An Overview of the Antarctic Treaty System and Applicable New Zealand Law

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-107
Author(s):  
Trevor Daya-Winterbottom
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Future Prospects ◽  
International Treaty ◽  
Look Back ◽  
The Future ◽  
Antarctic Treaty ◽  
The Antarctic ◽  
Ross Dependency ◽  
Antarctic Treaty System

The Antarctic Treaty 1959 has now been in place for 60 years and is regarded by informed commentators as one of the most successful multi-party international treaty systems. This paper provides an opportunity to look back and take stock of previous success, and more importantly, an opportunity to assess the future prospects of the treaty system. New Zealand has played a key role in the Antarctic Treaty system and has had a long involvement with Antarctica since accepting the transfer of sovereignty over the Ross Dependency in 1923. This paper therefore focuses on the effectiveness of the Antarctic Treaty system through a New Zealand lens.

Another sterile annual ritual? The United Nations and Antarctica 1987

Polar Record ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 24 (150) ◽  
pp. 207-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter J. Beck
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
United Nations ◽  
South African ◽  
The South ◽  
Points Of Interest ◽  
The Future ◽  
Antarctic Treaty ◽  
The Antarctic ◽  
Future Management ◽  
Antarctic Treaty System

AbstractThe UN Secretary-General's third Report of September 1987 provided the background for the fifth annual round of the UN's consideration of the ‘Question of Antarctica’. The First Committee's discussions in November 1987 resulted in the adoption by large majorities of two further UN resolutions in favour of a moratorium on the Antarctic minerals regime negotiations, an enhanced UN role in the operations of the Antarctic Treaty System, and the exclusion of South Africa from Consultative Meetings. On the surface, the session might be dismissed as yet another ‘sterile annual UN ritual’, serving to confirm the international community's lack of consensus about the future management of Antarctica. In reality, the episode, suggesting that the UN/Antarctic relationship may be at the crossroads, offered several points of interest, including increased signs of strain within the Antarctic Treaty System consequent upon the South African issue, and a greater appreciation by the critics of the need to work for change within the framework of the existing Antarctic Treaty regime.

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