Diplomazia e scienza: la politica antartica del Regno Unito e l'Anno geofisico internazionale, 1955-1959

2009 ◽  
pp. 145-167
Author(s):  
Mauro Elli
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
Traditional Approach ◽  
South American ◽  
Scientific Cooperation ◽  
Positive Role ◽  
International Geophysical Year ◽  
Antarctic Treaty ◽  
Run Up ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
Zero Sum

- This article is concerned with the relations between diplomacy and science in British Antarctic policy in the run-up and during the International Geophysical Year. Using a variety of unpublished documents, it shows how the comprehensively traditional approach of UK diplomacy mainly concerned with territorial disputes with Argentina and Chile in Antarctica, and prestige was an advantage, in that it allowed Britain to play an original, positive role not hamstrung by the zero-sum view of the cold war prevailing in Washington. Caught between financial difficulties and political imperatives, British diplomacy wished to capitalize on the success of international scientific cooperation in order to both solving the dispute with the South American countries and involving positively the USSR. The eventual result was the Antarctic Treaty, a paradigmatic example of interaction between diplomacy and science, and one of the few non-confrontational outcomes of the early cold war.

scholarly journals A IMPORTÂNCIA ESTRATÉGICA DA ANTÁRTICA PARA CHINA E INDIA A LUZ DO REALISMO OFENSIVO DE MEARSHEIMER

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (13) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mônica Heinzelmann Portella de Aguiar ◽  
Leonardo Faria de Mattos
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
International Order ◽  
Scientific Cooperation ◽  
China And India ◽  
The Future ◽  
Antarctic Treaty ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
The Antarctic ◽  
Antarctic Treaty System

The Antarctic Treaty was signed during the Cold War and intended to preserve the continent and transform it into a conflict free territory, prioritizing scientific cooperation. Despite having quadrupled the number of its signatories, the Antarctic Treaty System (ATS) faces nowadays the uncertainties of the new international order. Starting out from John Mearsheimer’s realistic perspective, this paper aims to analyze, the strategic importance of Antarctica and the interests that China and India have on the continent, as well as speculate on how their rise on the international scenario can impact the future of the Antarctic Treaty System.

Cultural Context of Apollo Culture

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa Westwood ◽  
Beth Laura O’Leary ◽  
Milford Wayne Donaldson
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
Federal Government ◽  
Cultural Context ◽  
Apollo Program ◽  
International Geophysical Year ◽  
Social Events ◽  
Space Race ◽  
Cold War Era ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
International Geophysical

This chapter expands on the notion of Apollo Culture in greater detail, beginning with an historic context of the Cold War era. It takes a look at the Sputnik and Vanguard launches during the IGY (International Geophysical Year) Space Race, and explains how these political and social events of the mid-20th century set the stage for the rise and fall of the Apollo program- which required a combination of engineering, marketing, and scientific efforts by the federal government.

Bungled publicity: Little America, big America, and the rationale for non-claimancy, 1946–61

Polar Record ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason Kendall Moore
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Cold War ◽  
Public Opinion ◽  
United States Policy ◽  
Department Of State ◽  
Nation States ◽  
Antarctic Treaty ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
The Antarctic ◽  
Power Negotiations

Although indispensable for hastening the Antarctic Treaty of 1959, United States policy entailed contradictions that jeopardised its domestic ratification. Many senators opposed their government's adherence to the Hughes Doctrine of 1924, requiring sovereignty claims to be based on occupation rather than exploration. US exploration, they knew, had covered more territory than the combined total of the seven nation-states that already had declared their rights based on criteria other than occupation. The Department of State appreciated that public opinion, whether related to Antarctica, the Cold War, or both, might generate congressional pressure to reverse the non-claimant stance and thereby derail the 12-power negotiations even before they reached the conference stage. This article presents evident and hypothetical consequences of policymakers' refusal to address this dilemma, the likelihood of which accompanied an increasingly pro-claimant stance among journalists, as well as the personal exasperation of Admiral Richard E. Byrd.

Geophysical Datascapes of the Cold War: Politics and Practices of International Data Centers

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 41-92
Author(s):  
Elena Aronova
Keyword(s):  
Big Data ◽  
Cold War ◽  
Data Centers ◽  
Open Data ◽  
The Political ◽  
Data Governance ◽  
International Geophysical Year ◽  
International Data ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
International Geophysical

The International Geophysical Year or IGY (1957–1958) was conceived against a background of nuclear secrecy intensified by Cold War political tensions, but the IGY provided the impulse for constructing the distinct data regime which took hold in Soviet and American World Data Centers in the 1950s and 1960s — a regime that turned data into a form of currency traded by the political players in the Cold War. This essay examines that data regime in detail by taking up the issues of secrecy and access, sharing and exchange, accumulation and archiving, and finally the handling and use of the IGY data. Features of the IGY’s data centers, such as the notion of centralized storage of open data freely accessible to users from around the world, played an important role in establishing the practices of data governance that continue today in the form of Big Data. These practices, however, were outcomes of the politics, visions, and accompanying technologies that were embedded in and supported by the political culture of the Cold War. By revisiting the drawbacks and challenges that accompanied that Big Data moment in the early Cold War, this essay explores the multiple meanings of data and the ways in which data circulated in a veiled Cold War political economy that ran parallel to their use (or neglect) in the pursuit of knowledge.

The Antarctic Treaty of 1959

Antarctica ◽  
2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Day
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
Antarctic Treaty ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
The Antarctic

Why were the Russians and other claimants suddenly prepared in the late 1950s to reach agreement on the governance of Antarctica? The onset of the Cold War and the arrival of Russian whaling fleets had raised fears that territorial rivalry in Antarctica could erupt into...

“Some Sanity and Love”: The Cold War, Antarctic Treaty, and Fids’ identity, 1957–1958

Polar Record ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 55 (5) ◽  
pp. 334-336
Author(s):  
Andrew J. Avery
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
Antarctic Peninsula ◽  
Small Groups ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Falkland Islands ◽  
British Government ◽  
Antarctic Treaty ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
National Governments ◽  
The Antarctic

AbstractIn 1942, the British government created the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey (FIDS) to enforce sovereignty over the Antarctic Peninsula. The small groups of men who worked for the Survey called themselves Fids. During the late 1950s when Antarctic sovereignty was being hotly debated and worked out by national governments, Fids serving at British bases criticised the British government’s use of science as a bargaining chip. Using in-house magazines written and printed at FIDS bases and oral histories, this article examines how Fids viewed Antarctic politics and how those events influenced daily life at bases on the Peninsula.

Gabriel González Videla and the Transatlantic Origins of the Cold War

2019 ◽  
pp. 73-97
Author(s):  
James Lockhart
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
Second World War ◽  
South American ◽  
World War ◽  
Narrative Story ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
Second World

This chapter examines the period from the Second World War to 1947 from transatlantic, southern South American, and Chilean perspectives. It integrates Chile into the narrative story of the origins of the larger Cold War, illuminating Chileans' contributions to it.

Soccer Artistry and the Secret Police

2019 ◽  
pp. 85-98
Author(s):  
Erik R. Scott
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
The State ◽  
South American ◽  
Secret Police ◽  
National Team ◽  
Soviet State ◽  
The Cold War

Among Soviet footballers, Georgians were known to represent a flamboyant, artistic, and ethnic style likened to the “beautiful game” played by successful South American teams. Georgian football and the mythology surrounding it emerged from the encounter between a centralizing imperial Soviet state and an assertive Georgian republic. The republic’s footballers gained global recognition during the Cold War, both as stars of the Soviet national team and the dominant Dinamo Tbilisi side that defeated top European clubs. Moscow sought to ensure that Georgian difference on the pitch served the needs of the state by showcasing multiethnic Socialist harmony for international audiences. Simultaneously, the Soviet promotion of Georgian soccer backfired, as supporters in Georgia claimed its successes as evidence of their own national triumph.

scholarly journals Why the end of the Cold War doesn't matter: the US war of terror in Colombia

2003 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 569-585 ◽  
Author(s):  
Doug Stokes
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Cold War ◽  
Third World ◽  
Us Foreign Policy ◽  
South American ◽  
Historical Interpretation ◽  
Post Cold War ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Third World ◽  
The Cold War

Orthodox narratives of US foreign policy have been employed as uncontested modes of historical interpretation with US post-Cold War foreign policy in the Third World characterised by discontinuity from its earlier Cold War objectives. Chomsky's work adopts an alternative revisionist historiography that views US post-Cold War foreign policy as characterised by continuity with its earlier Cold War objectives. This article examines the continuities of US post-Cold War policy in Colombia, and explains this in terms of the maintenance of US access to South American oil, the preservation of regional (in)stability and the continued need to destroy challenges to US-led neoliberalism.

Forgotten classics: Advertising in a Free Society, by Ralph Harris and Arthur Seldon (1959)

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 174-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew D Pressey
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Free Society ◽  
Positive Role ◽  
Free Markets ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Advertising Industry ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Cold War

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to review Advertising in a Free Society – a defence of the advertising industry – by Ralph Harris and Arthur Seldon, and to evaluate its status as a justifiable forgotten classic of the marketing literature. Design/Methodology/Approach – Advertising in a Free Society is placed in historical context (the Cold War), summarised and reviewed. Findings – During the 1950s, as the UK experienced a period of affluence and growing consumerism, the advertising industry was again subject to the criticisms that had been levelled at it by influential scholars in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Against this context, Advertising in a Free Society deserves to be remembered as one of the earliest defences of advertising and remains highly relevant. Harris and Seldon were leading figures in the Institute of Economic Affairs (IEA), joining shortly after its inception, which became an influential group both in the UK and abroad, influencing policy on free markets. Originality/Value – Although Advertising in a Free Society attracted few citations (going out of print between its publication in 1959 and 2014 when it was republished by the IEA), and largely forgotten by marketing scholars, it provides a significant source for marketing historians interested in advertising criticism, the growth of the British advertising industry and the role of advertising in democratic societies. A reanalysis of the text situated in its historical context – the height of the Cold War – reveals that the text can be viewed as an artefact of the conflict, deploying the rhetoric of the period in defending the advertising industry and highlighting the positive role that advertising could make in free societies.

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