“Some Sanity and Love”: The Cold War, Antarctic Treaty, and Fids’ identity, 1957–1958

Polar Record ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 55 (5) ◽  
pp. 334-336
Author(s):  
Andrew J. Avery
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
Antarctic Peninsula ◽  
Small Groups ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Falkland Islands ◽  
British Government ◽  
Antarctic Treaty ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
National Governments ◽  
The Antarctic

AbstractIn 1942, the British government created the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey (FIDS) to enforce sovereignty over the Antarctic Peninsula. The small groups of men who worked for the Survey called themselves Fids. During the late 1950s when Antarctic sovereignty was being hotly debated and worked out by national governments, Fids serving at British bases criticised the British government’s use of science as a bargaining chip. Using in-house magazines written and printed at FIDS bases and oral histories, this article examines how Fids viewed Antarctic politics and how those events influenced daily life at bases on the Peninsula.

Bungled publicity: Little America, big America, and the rationale for non-claimancy, 1946–61

Polar Record ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason Kendall Moore
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Cold War ◽  
Public Opinion ◽  
United States Policy ◽  
Department Of State ◽  
Nation States ◽  
Antarctic Treaty ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
The Antarctic ◽  
Power Negotiations

Although indispensable for hastening the Antarctic Treaty of 1959, United States policy entailed contradictions that jeopardised its domestic ratification. Many senators opposed their government's adherence to the Hughes Doctrine of 1924, requiring sovereignty claims to be based on occupation rather than exploration. US exploration, they knew, had covered more territory than the combined total of the seven nation-states that already had declared their rights based on criteria other than occupation. The Department of State appreciated that public opinion, whether related to Antarctica, the Cold War, or both, might generate congressional pressure to reverse the non-claimant stance and thereby derail the 12-power negotiations even before they reached the conference stage. This article presents evident and hypothetical consequences of policymakers' refusal to address this dilemma, the likelihood of which accompanied an increasingly pro-claimant stance among journalists, as well as the personal exasperation of Admiral Richard E. Byrd.

The Antarctic Treaty of 1959

Antarctica ◽  
2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Day
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
Antarctic Treaty ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
The Antarctic

Why were the Russians and other claimants suddenly prepared in the late 1950s to reach agreement on the governance of Antarctica? The onset of the Cold War and the arrival of Russian whaling fleets had raised fears that territorial rivalry in Antarctica could erupt into...

scholarly journals A IMPORTÂNCIA ESTRATÉGICA DA ANTÁRTICA PARA CHINA E INDIA A LUZ DO REALISMO OFENSIVO DE MEARSHEIMER

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (13) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mônica Heinzelmann Portella de Aguiar ◽  
Leonardo Faria de Mattos
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
International Order ◽  
Scientific Cooperation ◽  
China And India ◽  
The Future ◽  
Antarctic Treaty ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
The Antarctic ◽  
Antarctic Treaty System

The Antarctic Treaty was signed during the Cold War and intended to preserve the continent and transform it into a conflict free territory, prioritizing scientific cooperation. Despite having quadrupled the number of its signatories, the Antarctic Treaty System (ATS) faces nowadays the uncertainties of the new international order. Starting out from John Mearsheimer’s realistic perspective, this paper aims to analyze, the strategic importance of Antarctica and the interests that China and India have on the continent, as well as speculate on how their rise on the international scenario can impact the future of the Antarctic Treaty System.

Conservation in the Antarctic

1977 ◽  
Vol 279 (963) ◽  
pp. 97-104 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Southern Ocean ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Falkland Islands ◽  
Voluntary Agreement ◽  
South Georgia ◽  
Tristan Da Cunha ◽  
Conservation Measures ◽  
Antarctic Seals ◽  
Antarctic Treaty ◽  
The Antarctic

Formidable legal and administrative complexities arise from conflicting claims to jurisdiction and the continued absence of generally recognized sovereignty over much of the region. Existing conservation measures fall into three groups: elaborate laws made by governments claiming Antarctic territories, more restricted laws, and simple instructions for particular expeditions. The Antarctic Treaty, 1959, made it possible to begin coordinating all these separate instruments. No claimed jurisdiction has been surrendered or recognized: each government has started to harmonize its own control measures with the ‘Agreed Measures for the Conservation of Antarctic Fauna and Flora’, 1964. This scheme applied only to land areas and has since been evolving in the light of experience. Although not yet formally approved by all the governments concerned, it is working effectively by voluntary agreement. Different approaches are necessary for conservation of Southern Ocean resources, especially krill. A start has been made with the ‘ Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Seals’, 1972. There are many outstanding problems: all require effective cooperation between scientific and legal advisers, diplomats and politicians. Mention is made of recent British conservation legislation for South Georgia, the Falkland Islands and the Tristan da Cunha group. Some of the next steps are outlined.

The G7 Summit and the Reform of Global Institutions

1995 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 492-509 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas Bayne
Keyword(s):  
International Economic ◽  
Cold War ◽  
Domestic Policy ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Security Issues ◽  
Global Institutions ◽  
Economic Decisions ◽  
International Economic Relations ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
National Governments

IN MY GOVERNMENT AND OPPOSITION/LEONARD SCHAPIRO lecture in 1993 I attempted an incomplete analysis of international economic relations after the end of the cold war, in particular the unexpected tensions and difficulties. The end of superpower confrontation had not only removed one incentive for Western countries to settle their economic disputes. It had also lowered the priority given to security issues, where national governments were in control, and had exposed their dwindling ability to take economic decisions, because of the extent of the interdependence which was the price paid for their prosperity. I could not think of a single area of domestic policy immune from international influence. Professor Susan Strange has developed a more trenchant analysis of this trend in her Government and Opposition/Leonard Schapiro lecture this year.

Daily Life of the American Embassy in Czechoslovakia in 1945—1948

Istoriya ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (6 (104)) ◽  
pp. 0
Author(s):  
Valery Yungblyud
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
Central Europe ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
Economic Recovery ◽  
The Us ◽  
Post War ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
Leadership Interactions

The article is devoted to the study of various aspects of daily life of the US Embassy in Czechoslovakia in 1945—1948. The author considers the main areas of its work, major problems and difficulties that American diplomats had to overcome being in difficult conditions of the post-war economic recovery and international tension growth. Special attention is paid to the role of Ambassador L. A. Steinhardt, his methods of leadership, interactions with subordinates, with the Czechoslovak authorities and the State Department. This allows to reveal some new aspects of American diplomacy functioning, as well as to identify poorly explored factors that influenced American politics in Central Europe during the years when the Cold War was brewing and tensions between Moscow and Washington were rising. The article is based on unpublished primary sources from the American archives.

Una Peaks: a long overdue Antarctic geographical naming

Polar Record ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-179
Author(s):  
John Splettstoesser
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Antarctic Peninsula ◽  
Falkland Islands ◽  
Place Names ◽  
New Name ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Antarctic ◽  
Geographical Feature

ABSTRACTA new name for a geographical feature in the Antarctic Peninsula known for many years by its colloquial name of Una's Tits, was formally approved by the Antarctic place names committee of the United Kingdom. It is now known as Una Peaks, named for a former secretary in the governor's office, Stanley, Falkland Islands.

Particular generalisation: the Antarctic Treaty of 1959 in relation to the anti-nuclear movement

Polar Record ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 115-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason Kendall Moore
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Strategic Orientation ◽  
Nuclear Movement ◽  
The Us ◽  
Antarctic Treaty ◽  
Nuclear Tests ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
Test Ban ◽  
The Antarctic

ABSTRACTThis article presents the US role in the formation of the Antarctic Treaty of 1959 in relation to the era's anti-nuclear movement. The purpose is two-fold: to highlight the strategic orientation of US Antarctic policy, suggesting that it was less enlightened than it is frequently portrayed; and to highlight the influence of the anti-nuclear movement upon the treaty's inclusion of a test ban which the United States initially opposed, hoping to reserve the right to conduct nuclear tests. The treaty is depicted as a particular generalisation: one aspect of the cold war that gains significance when scrutinised in relation to another that is much better-known.

A new estimate of the adopted gravity value at Rothera Station, Antarctic Peninsula

1999 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 461-462 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip C. Jones ◽  
Julie K. Ferris
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Antarctic Peninsula ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Falkland Islands ◽  
Gravity Station ◽  
Gravity Network ◽  
Scientific Station ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Antarctic ◽  
Gravity System

Because of the lack of a definitive air link to an international gravity base station, the Antarctic Peninsula gravity network was originally, and still is, tied to the Potsdam gravity system via long ship links to South America (Renner 1981, Kennett 1965). An indirect link from the British Antarctic Survey (BAS) scientific station at Rothera to an International Gravity Standardisation Net 1971 (IGSN 71) base station in the UK had previously been made via a link to the BAS gravity station on the Falkland Islands in Port Stanley (McGibbon 1988). Whilst the apparent gravity difference between Port Stanley and the base station in the UK had been calculated via a two-way air tie using a LaCoste and Romberg meter (McGibbon 1988) and later strengthened with three two-way air ties using four LaCoste and Romberg meters (Bassett 1987), the link between Port Stanley and Rothera was based on a one-way tie that included a lengthy ship borne passage (McGibbon 1988). The weakness of this link insured that the adopted gravity value at Rothera continued to be based on the ship ties made by Griffiths et al. (1964) and Kennett (1965). This note describes the strengthening of the gravity link between Rothera and Port Stanley and the subsequent reassignment of the adopted gravity value at Rothera Station.

The management of sledge dogs in the Antarctic

Polar Record ◽  
1976 ◽  
Vol 18 (112) ◽  
pp. 25-35
Author(s):  
R. W. Bostelmann
Keyword(s):  
Antarctic Peninsula ◽  
Scientific Work ◽  
Field Work ◽  
Summer Season ◽  
Falkland Islands ◽  
Main Form ◽  
Areas Of Interest ◽  
The Antarctic ◽  
Adelaide Island ◽  
Permanent Presence

The British Antarctic Survey (BAS) has relied on sledge dogs as the main form of transport for field parties since its predecessor, the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey (FIDS), imported them in 1945, when it created a permanent presence on the continent. Over the years dogs have been used for extensive work over a very wide area. In 1975 BAS changed its policy with respect to work in the southern Antarctic Peninsula. In future seasons scientists will not winter in this area but will be flown to Adelaide Island and then into the field. They will carry out more detailed scientific work in particular areas of interest. This means that it is no longer practical to maintain huskies on base as they could not be kept fit and well disciplined during the winter for a short summer season. The scientists, similarly, could not be expected to learn to work the dogs efficiently in the time available, and the change in the nature of their work means that they will not move camp so frequently. The dogs, since they must be fed even if they are resting, would be uneconomic in such a situation. Finally, most of the work will be in areas that are thought to be safe so the dogs will not be needed to probe for crevasses. In future seasons BAS will rely on skidoos for field work (Figs 1 and 2).

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