Do imaginário para a literatura: a confusão feminina na mentalidade do cristianismo europeu | From the Imaginary to Literature: female confusion in the mentality of European Christianity

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 250-271
Author(s):  
André Luiz Silveira da Cunha Melo
Keyword(s):  
Early Christianity ◽  
Original Sin ◽  
Medieval Period ◽  
Literary Representation ◽  
Art And Literature ◽  
European Culture ◽  
Medieval Europe ◽  
The Feminine ◽  
Way Of Thinking ◽  
Simple Exposure

Foi graças à perpetuação de certos preceitos de feminilidade que uma mentalidade antifeminina vingou no imaginário do cristianismo primitivo, enraizando-se na cultura europeia e revelando-se nas demonstrações de arte e literatura desde o baixo-medievo. Neste artigo busca-se discorrer sobre uma importante parte dessa maneira de pensar – a associação do feminino a um estado confuso ou à propagação da confusão, seja através da fala ardilosa ou da simples exposição à presença do feminino, que, para o cristianismo primitivo, estava intimamente ligado ao pecado original e à Queda. Dessa maneira, tenciona-se demonstrar como uma mentalidade antifeminina transpassou para a representação literária de feminino e de amor na Europa medieval, apresentando-se em cantigas e trovas variadas.Palavras-chave: Imaginário. Confusão Feminina. Cristianismo. AbstractIt was due to the perpetuation of certain precepts of femininity that an anti-feminine mentality took hold in the imagination of primitive Christianity, taking root in European culture and revealing itself in art and literature demonstrations since the low-medieval period. This paper seeks to discuss an important part of this way of thinking – the association of the feminine with a confused state or the spread of confusion, whether through cunning speech or through simple exposure to the presence of the feminine, which for early Christianity was closely linked to the original sin and the Fall. This paper seeks, then, to demonstrate how an anti-feminine mentality was transferred to the literary representation of the feminine and of love in medieval Europe, presenting itself in different lyrics and songs.Keywords: Imaginary. Feminine Confusion. Christianity. ORCIDhttp://orcid.org/0000-0003-2526-7214

Monetary Systems

2016 ◽  
pp. 320-341
Author(s):  
Angela Redish
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
Medieval Period ◽  
Bretton Woods ◽  
Paper Money ◽  
Fiat Money ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
Monetary Systems ◽  
Medieval Europe

This chapter presents the evolution of Western monetary systems from the bimetallic standards of medieval Europe through the gold standard and Bretton Woods eras to today’s fiat money regimes. The chapter notes that issues of revenue creation enabled by the monopoly over money issue—through debasement and/or inflation—runs through this history, as does the significance of the credibility of the money issuer. An additional theme in the chapter is the role of changing technology of money issue, from the hammered coins of the medieval period, to the milled coins of the early modern period, through paper money issues to cryptocurrencies.

Rural Economies

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jane Whittle
Keyword(s):  
Food Processing ◽  
Great Majority ◽  
High Status ◽  
Medieval Period ◽  
Demographic Trends ◽  
Textile Production ◽  
Gender Division Of Labor ◽  
Rural Economies ◽  
Medieval Europe ◽  
Wage Earning

The great majority of the population of medieval Europe lived and worked in the countryside. This article examines gender differences in access to land (the key resource), in patterns of work or "the gender division of labor," and in wage earning and wage payments. Work in agriculture, textile production, and food processing is discussed, as well as the nature of domestic work or housework. Although evidence of everyday life is slight or nonexistent in many periods and regions, it is possible to discern important changes across the medieval period in women's access to land and the gendered organization of work. Commercialization, demographic trends, and technological change all had an impact. Nonetheless, continuities in the type of work women did are also striking, particularly their exclusion from high-status and profitable activities, and their consistently low wages.

The Lord's Prayer and ΧΜΓ: Two Christian Papyrus Amulets

2010 ◽  
Vol 104 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brent Nongbri
Keyword(s):  
Early Christianity ◽  
Medieval Period ◽  
Lord's Prayer

The last few years have seen a renewed interest in the study of papyrological remains as a means of shedding light on early Christianity.1 To add further evidence to this discussion, I draw attention to two papyri in Yale University's Beinecke Library. In 1997, Yale acquired several papyri from Galerie Nefer in Zürich. The lot contained papyri ranging in date from the Ptolemaic era to the Medieval period. Two of these pieces (both, unfortunately, without specific provenance) appear to be Christian textual amulets.

NON-EVOLUTIONARY DEGENERATION IN ARTHUR MACHEN'S SUPERNATURAL TALES

2013 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 125-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kimberly Jackson
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Human Nature ◽  
Psychological Treatment ◽  
Human Mind ◽  
Contemporary Society ◽  
Modern Conception ◽  
Art And Literature ◽  
European Culture ◽  
Critical Attention ◽  
Picture Of Dorian Gray

Welsh author Arthur Machen (1863–1947) wrote his most popular supernatural tales between 1890 and 1900, a period in which European culture felt itself to be on the decline and in which “decadent” art and literature rose up both as a reflection of and a contribution to this perceived cultural deterioration. While Machen's works have received little critical attention, a recent revival of interest in fin-de-siècle decadence has brought his supernatural tales into the literary limelight. Noteworthy examples of this interest include Julian North's treatment of The Great God Pan in Michael St. John's Romancing Decay: Ideas of Decadence in European Culture and Christine Ferguson's analysis of the same work in her PMLA article “Decadence as Scientific Fulfillment.” Indeed, Machen's supernatural tales could enhance and complicate any exposition of decadent literature and culture; they offer a unique vision of descent into the primordial that differs from the moral and psychological treatment of decadence in other popular works of the time, such as Wilde's The Picture of Dorian Gray and Stevenson's Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. Like Stevenson and Wilde, Machen employs themes of transgression and metamorphosis to illustrate his characters’ deviations from human nature. However, the forces at work in Machen's tales do not arise from the recesses of the human mind in its modern conception, nor do his protagonists sin primarily against society and the arbitrary nature of its morals and values. Instead, Machen locates mythic forces at work within his contemporary society to highlight a much older form of transgression and to challenge notions of degeneration that held currency at the end of the nineteenth century.

scholarly journals From Caesar to Charlemagne

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 251-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Kıvılcım Yavuz
Keyword(s):  
Twelfth Century ◽  
Ancient Greek ◽  
Early Medieval ◽  
Trojan War ◽  
European Culture ◽  
Medieval Europe ◽  
Roman Culture ◽  
Origin Story

The Trojan War, which is traditionally considered to have occurred in the twelfth century bce, has been one of the most exploited subjects of European culture and history. Not only did it provide some of the most important literary motifs for ancient Greek and Roman culture, but it also played a role in the genesis of the nations of early medieval Europe. The Trojans had an afterlife that connected them to multitudes of subsequent peoples. This study examines the story of the Trojan origins of the Franks from its inception during the Merovingian period to its development under the Carolingians. Considering both textual and manuscript evidence, it discusses the dissemination of the origin story as well as its association with Charlemagne.

scholarly journals La dictadora en La dama de cristal, de Zelmar Acevedo Díaz

LETRAS ◽  
2014 ◽  
pp. 77-86
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Abigail Sampson
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Gabriel Garcia Marquez ◽  
Mario Vargas Llosa ◽  
Literary Representation ◽  
Distinctive Features ◽  
The Feminine ◽  
America Latina ◽  
Fiesta Del Chivo

El estudio aborda el tema de la dictadora en La dama de cristal (1999), de Zelmar Acevedo Díaz (Argentina, 1951). Se comparan con otras novelas sobre el mismo tema y se examinan coincidencias o disparidades entre la representación literaria femenina y masculina del autoritarismo. La dictadura latinoamericana como fenómeno político ha persistido en América Latina con diferentes matices ideológicos. Gabriel García Márquez en El otoño del patriarca, Mario Vargas Llosa en La fiesta del Chivo o Luis Spota en El tiempo de la ira tratan este hecho para perfilar sus rasgos distintivos. Existe un caso particular en que el autoritarismo lo encarna una mujer. This study focuses on the theme of female dictator in La dama de cristal (1999), by Zelmar Acevedo Díaz (Argentina, 1951). It is compared with other novels on the same theme and an analysis is carried out of coincidences or disparities between the feminine and masculine literary representation of authoritarianism. Latin American dictatorships are a political phenomenon that has persisted in Latin America with different ideological tones. Gabriel García Márquez in El otoño del patriarca; Mario Vargas Llosa in La fiesta del Chivo or Luis Spota in El tiempo de la ira have approached this issue to profile its distinctive features. There is one particular case of a female dictator.

Language and Linguistics in Medieval Europe

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deborah Hayden
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Liberal Arts ◽  
Late Antique ◽  
Medieval Period ◽  
14Th Century ◽  
Medieval Europe ◽  
Textual Culture ◽  
Verse Form ◽  
Scholastic Philosophy

During the period from the fall of the Roman empire in the late 5th century to the beginning of the European Renaissance in the 14th century, the development of linguistic thought in Europe was characterized by the enthusiastic study of grammatical works by Classical and Late Antique authors, as well as by the adaptation of these works to suit a Christian framework. The discipline of grammatica, viewed as the cornerstone of the ideal liberal arts education and as a key to the wider realm of textual culture, was understood to encompass both the systematic principles for speaking and writing correctly and the science of interpreting the poets and other writers. The writings of Donatus and Priscian were among the most popular and well-known works of the grammatical curriculum, and were the subject of numerous commentaries throughout the medieval period. Although Latin persisted as the predominant medium of grammatical discourse, there is also evidence from as early as the 8th century for the enthusiastic study of vernacular languages and for the composition of vernacular-medium grammars, including sources pertaining to Anglo-Saxon, Irish, Old Norse, and Welsh. The study of language in the later medieval period is marked by experimentation with the form and layout of grammatical texts, including the composition of textbooks in verse form. This period also saw a renewed interest in the application of philosophical ideas to grammar, inspired in part by the availability of a wider corpus of Greek sources than had previously been unknown to western European scholars, such as Aristotle’s Physics, Metaphysics, Ethics, and De Anime. A further consequence of the renewed interest in the logical and metaphysical works of Aristotle during the later Middle Ages is the composition of so-called ‘speculative grammars’ written by scholars commonly referred to as the ‘Modistae’, in which the grammatical description of Latin formulated by Priscian and Donatus was integrated with the system of scholastic philosophy that was at its height from the beginning of the 13th to the middle of the 14th century.

Romanticism and Gender Criticism

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan J. Wolfson
Keyword(s):  
Gender Difference ◽  
Feminist Criticism ◽  
Same Sex ◽  
Literary Representation ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Feminine ◽  
Romantic Era ◽  
Cross Dressing ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Gender Criticism

Gender criticism, an evolution from feminist criticism, studies representations of gender and gender difference in literary representation and, more broadly, in the ‘social text’, the languages and systems of representation in culture at large. Gender language is conspicuous in the binaries masculine and feminine, allied to manly, unmanly, effeminate, boyish, girlish, womanish, womanly, etc. It also involves the complications and challenges to these binaries by same-sex associations and intimacies, ‘queer’ configurations (unreadable by traditional measures), trans- or fluid figures, and performativity in all these aspects – including ventures in cross-dressing or cross-living, closeted or coterie-identifiable. In the Romantic era, gender criticism suggests that the sex/gender coordinates male/masculine and female/feminine are historically specific determinations, not inevitabilities. This essay focuses on dismantling critiques and attendant reinforcements. Critique often takes the form of satires of the ‘feminine’ qualities of delicacy, sentiment, soft-headedness, and dependence, ‘girls’ for life, even in a adult woman’s body; it also satirizes masculine swagger and presumption. It becomes interested in aberrant but not necessarily stigmatized variants – say, the rational woman and the man who respects such a woman, without being unmanned. Traditional understandings get put into question and into play, with critical implications.

The Cambridge Economic History: The Medieval Period

1963 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 215-223
Author(s):  
Frederic C. Lane
Keyword(s):  
Economic History ◽  
Economic Life ◽  
Medieval Period ◽  
Cambridge University ◽  
Medieval Europe ◽  
History Of ◽  
History Of Europe ◽  
The Impact

When requested in the spring of 1961 to review the overdue third volume of The Cambridge Economic History of Europe, I read eagerly the proof copy sent me and then wrote this review, fearing that if I delayed until the volume was actually out the lapse of time would dull my reactions. Time had already blunted the impact of some of the contributions, for example, the opening essay, “The Rise of Towns,” by H. van Werveke. No wonder, since he finished writing it, as he tells us in a footnote, in 1940 (sic), and retouched it in 1953 and 1956 Such long-suffering contributors deserve to be reviewed before 1963, but only in this year has the Cambridge University Press finally released the last of the three volumes planned as an authoritative and balanced account of the economic life of Medieval Europe.

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