Stable, Democratic and Western: China and French Colonialism in the Pacific

Abstract Background Tibet Orbivirus (TIBOV) is a recently discovered Orbivirus known to infect cattle, Asian buffalo and goats in south-western China. It was first isolated from mosquitoes and subsequently from biting midges (Culicoides spp.) in Yunnan, China, indicating that it is an arbovirus. Little is known of its potential to cause disease, but the economic importance of related viruses promoted an investigation of potential Culicoides spp. vectors of TIBOV. Methods Biting midges were collected approximately once per week between May and December 2020, at a cattle farm in Wulong village, Shizong County, Yunnan Province, China. Approximately 3000 specimens of nine species were subsequently used in attempts to isolate virus, and a further 2000 specimens of six species were tested for the presence of bluetongue virus (BTV) and TIBOV using a RT-qPCR test. Results Virus isolation attempts resulted in the isolation of three viruses. One isolate from a pool of Culicoidesjacobsoni was identified as TIBOV, while the other two viruses from C.orientalis and C.tainanus remain unidentified but are not BTV or TIBOV. RT-qPCR analysis did not detect BTV in any specimens, but a single pool containing five specimens of C. jacobsoni and another containing five specimens of C. tainanus produced PCR quantification cycle (Cq) values of around 28 that may indicate infection with TIBOV. Conclusions The isolation of TIBOV from C. jacobsoni satisfies one criterion required to prove its status as a vector of this virus. This isolation is supported by a low Cq value produced from a different pool of this species in the RT-qPCR test. The low Cq value obtained from a pool of C. tainanus suggests that this species may also be able to satisfy this criterion. Both of these species are widespread throughout Asia, with C. jacobsoni extending into the Pacific region, which raises the possibility that TIBOV may be more widespread than is currently known. Graphical abstract

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The Deserts of Asia

The Journal of Asian Studies ◽

10.2307/2943579 ◽

1960 ◽

Vol 19 (4) ◽

pp. 389-402 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

George B. Cressey

Keyword(s):

Atmospheric Circulation ◽

Red Sea ◽

Western China ◽

The Pacific ◽

Southern Arabia

More than one third of Asia is dry. From the Red Sea almost to the Pacific are a series of deserts and semideserts, the product of continentality, mountain patterns, and atmospheric circulation. Two areas of extreme aridity are present in die Rub al Khali of southern Arabia and the Takla Makan of western China, both essentially rainless and lifeless. Elsewhere, aridity fades off into subhumid lands with marginal potentials for settlement.

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V. The geology and physical geography of Chinese Tibet, and its relations to the mountain system of south-eastern Asia, from observations made during the Percy Sladen expedition, 1922

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B Containing Papers of a Biological Character (1896-1934) ◽

10.1098/rstb.1925.0005 ◽

1925 ◽

Vol 213 (402-410) ◽

pp. 171-298 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Keyword(s):

Eastern China ◽

Physical Geography ◽

Central China ◽

Western China ◽

Eastern Asia ◽

Eastern Front ◽

The Pacific ◽

Mountain System ◽

History Of ◽

The Himalaya

1. The mountainous highlands of south-western China, Chinese Tibet and north-eastern Burma, consist of a high platform which projects southward from the Tibetan tableland. That platform lies along the foundations of the ancient Indo-Malayan mountains and athwart the eastern end of the Himalaya. It appears, on examination of a map, to have caused the eastern continuation of the Alpine-Himalayan Systems to have been diverted southward as the Burma and Malay Arcs. Further to the north east the tableland of east central Asia ends abruptly above the lowlands of eastern China. Its eastern front forms the Great Khingan Mountains, which have been regarded by the late Prince Kropotkin (1904, p. 333) as the continuation of the Himalaya. This view of the eastern prolongation of the Himalaya into central China has been also adopted by Archibald Little (1905, map opposite p. 19, and p. 209). The whole geography of south-western China and the adjacent lands is dominated by the inter action of mountain movements belonging to two far-distant periods. The older mountains, the Indo-Malayan, belong to the Hercynian group of earth movements, which happened toward the end of the Paleozoic Era. The younger mountain system, the Himalayan, is Kainozoic, and though its uplifts happened at intervals from Upper Eocene to Pliocene, its movements culminated in the Middle .Kainozoic, and were probably most important in the Oligocene and Miocene. The mountain plan of south eastern Asia has been considered as a combination of the mountain lines of Eurasia, which trend from W. and E., with the border chains of the Pacific, which cross at high angles the eastern end of the Asiatic mountains. The history of the Indian Ocean is incomplete, until it be known what was happening on its north-eastern side synchronous with the movements which made the rift-valleys of East Africa. Chinese Tibet is one of the critical areas for the solution of these problems, for it is opposite the eastern end of the Himalaya. This country has also attracted attention from the parallelism of the three great rivers which cross it.

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The Philological Association of The Pacific Coast

PMLA ◽

10.1017/s0030812900130597 ◽

1935 ◽

Vol 50 (4) ◽

pp. 1373-1374

Keyword(s):

Annual Meeting ◽

Pacific Coast ◽

Stanford University ◽

The Pacific

The thirty-seventh annual meeting of the Philological Association of the Pacific Coast was held at Stanford University, California, on November 29 and 30, 1935.

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A scanning electron microscopic study of the veliger larvae of the scallop argopecten purpuratus

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100103486 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 46 ◽

pp. 284-285

Author(s):

G.C. Bellolio ◽

K.S. Lohrmann ◽

E.M. Dupré

Keyword(s):

Morphological Description ◽

Electron Microscopic ◽

Larval Stages ◽

Scanning Electron Microscopic Study ◽

The Pacific ◽

Argopecten Purpuratus ◽

Veliger Larvae ◽

20 Nm ◽

Ethanol Series ◽

Scanning Electron

Argopecten purpuratus is a scallop distributed in the Pacific coast of Chile and Peru. Although this species is mass cultured in both countries there is no morphological description available of the development of this bivalve except for few characterizations of some larval stages described for culture purposes. In this work veliger larvae (app. 140 pm length) were examined by the scanning electron microscope (SEM) in order to study some aspects of the organogenesis of this species.Veliger larvae were obtained from hatchery cultures, relaxed with a solution of MgCl2 and killed by slow addition of 21 glutaraldehyde (GA) in seawater (SW). They were fixed in 2% GA in calcium free artificial SW (pH 8.3), rinsed 3 times in calcium free SW, and dehydrated in a graded ethanol series. The larvae were critical point dried and mounted on double scotch tape (DST). To permit internal view, some valves were removed by slightly pressing and lifting the tip of a cactus spine wrapped with DST, The samples were coated with 20 nm gold and examined with a JEOL JSM T-300 operated at 15 KV.

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