scholarly journals INCORPORATION OF NEW TURBULENT CLOSURE SCHEMES IN THE PRINCETON OCEAN MODEL (POM)

2013 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 17 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Francisco Almeida de Souza ◽  
José Luiz Lima de Azevedo ◽  
Leopoldo Rota de Oliveira ◽  
Ivan Dias Soares ◽  
Maurício Magalhães Mata

One of the most challenging issues in oceanography is the simulation of the mixing processes, which are responsible for diffusion of momentum, heat, salt, sediments etc. In the modeling of flow, the hydrodynamic model simulates the properties of the mean flow while the turbulence model, coupled to the first, is responsible for simulating the mixing processes. In this article it is used the Princeton Ocean Model (POM), which includes the well known turbulent closure model q2 − q2L of Mellor & Yamada (1982), level 2.5. To add flexibility to the modeling, the k − ε and k − ω models, which belong to the same class of models, are incorporated into the POM and two test cases, one involving the deepening of the oceanic mixed layer and the other addressing the estuarine circulation, are carried out to allow the quality assessment of the models implementation in the computer code. The tests indicated that the model implementation was adequate. Comparing with the original model available in the Princeton Ocean Model, the results showed that the model k − ε tends to overestimate the mixed layer, while the model k − ω underestimates it, within an acceptable range of tolerance. In terms of estuarine circulation, the k − ε and k − ω models showed a greater capacity of mixing at the bottom of the estuarine mixing zone and also at the surface layer.RESUMO: Uma das questões mais desafiadoras em oceanografia é a simulação dos processos de mistura, responsáveis pela difusão de momentum, calor, sal, sedimentos etc. Na modelagem de escoamentos, o modelo hidrodinâmico simula as propriedades do escoamento médio, enquanto o modelo de turbulência, acoplado ao primeiro, é o responsável por simular os processos de mistura. Nesse artigo é utilizado o Princeton Ocean Model (POM), o qual traz acoplado o conhecido esquema de fechamento turbulento q2 − q2L de Mellor & Yamada (1982), n´ıvel 2.5. Para adicionar flexibilidade à modelagem, os modelos k − ε e k − ω, da mesma categoria de modelos, são incorporados ao POM e dois casos-teste, um envolvendo o aprofundamento da camada de mistura oceânica e o outro a circulação estuarina, são realizados para permitir a avaliação da qualidade da implementação dos modelos no código computacional. Os testes indicaram que a implementação dos modelos foi adequada. Tendo como referência o modelo original do POM, os resultados mostraram que o modelo k − ε tende a superestimar a camada de mistura, enquanto o k − ω a subestima, numa faixa aceitável de tolerância. Em termos de circulação estuarina, os modelos k − ε e k − ω apresentaram uma maior capacidade de mistura tanto no fundo da zona de mistura estuarina como na camada superficial.Palavras-chave: modelos de turbulência, processos de mistura, modelos a duas equações, camada de mistura, circulação estuarina.

1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 221-232
Author(s):  
M.J. McCormick

Abstract Four one-dimensional models which have been used to characterize surface mixed layer (ML) processes and the thermal structure are described. Although most any model can be calibrated to mimic surface water temperatures, it does not imply that the corresponding mixing processes are well described. Eddy diffusion or "K" models can exhibit this problem. If a ML model is to be useful for water quality applications, then it must be able to resolve storm events and, therefore, be able to simulate the ML depth, h, and its time rate of change, dh/dt. A general water quality model is derived from mass conservation principles to demonstrate how ML models can be used in a physically meaningful way to address water quality issues.


2005 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Birol Kara ◽  
Alan J. Wallcraft ◽  
Harley E. Hurlburt

Abstract A 1/25° × 1/25° cos(lat) (longitude × latitude) (≈3.2-km resolution) eddy-resolving Hybrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM) is introduced for the Black Sea and used to examine the effects of ocean turbidity on upper-ocean circulation features including sea surface height and mixed layer depth (MLD) on annual mean climatological time scales. The model is a primitive equation model with a K-profile parameterization (KPP) mixed layer submodel. It uses a hybrid vertical coordinate that combines the advantages of isopycnal, σ, and z-level coordinates in optimally simulating coastal and open-ocean circulation features. This model approach is applied to the Black Sea for the first time. HYCOM uses a newly developed time-varying solar penetration scheme that treats attenuation as a continuous quantity. This scheme includes two bands of solar radiation penetration, one that is needed in the top 10 m of the water column and another that penetrates to greater depths depending on the turbidity. Thus, it is suitable for any ocean general circulation model that has fine vertical resolution near the surface. With this scheme, the optical depth–dependent attenuation of subsurface heating in HYCOM is given by monthly mean fields for the attenuation of photosynthetically active radiation (kPAR) during 1997–2001. These satellite-based climatological kPAR fields are derived from Sea-Viewing Wide Field-of-View Sensor (SeaWiFS) data for the spectral diffuse attenuation coefficient at 490 nm (k490) and have been processed to have the smoothly varying and continuous coverage necessary for use in the Black Sea model applications. HYCOM simulations are driven by two sets of high-frequency climatological forcing, but no assimilation of ocean data is then used to demonstrate the importance of including spatial and temporal varying attenuation depths for the annual mean prediction of upper-ocean quantities in the Black Sea, which is very turbid (kPAR > 0.15 m−1, in general). Results are reported from three model simulations driven by each atmospheric forcing set using different values for the kPAR. A constant solar-attenuation optical depth of ≈17 m (clear water assumption), as opposed to using spatially and temporally varying attenuation depths, changes the surface circulation, especially in the eastern Black Sea. Unrealistic sub–mixed layer heating in the former results in weaker stratification at the base of the mixed layer and a deeper MLD than observed. As a result, the deep MLD off Sinop (at around 42.5°N, 35.5°E) weakens the surface currents regardless of the atmospheric forcing used in the model simulations. Using the SeaWiFS-based monthly turbidity climatology gives a shallower MLD with much stronger stratification at the base and much better agreement with observations. Because of the high Black Sea turbidity, the simulation with all solar radiation absorbed at the surface case gives results similar to the simulations using turbidity from SeaWiFS in the annual means, the aspect of the results investigated in this paper.


2010 ◽  
Vol 2010 ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akiyoshi Wada ◽  
Norihisa Usui

We investigated the impact of variations in oceanic preexisting conditions on predictions of Typhoon Hai-Tang (2005) by using a coupled atmosphere-ocean model with 6-km horizontal resolution and providing the oceanic initial conditions on 12 July from 1997 to 2005 to the model. Variations in oceanic preexisting conditions caused variation in predicted central pressure of nearly 18 hPa at 72 h, whereas sea-surface cooling (SSC) induced by Hai-Tang caused a predicted central pressure difference of about 40 hPa. Warm-core oceanic eddies up to a few hundred kilometers across and a deep mixed layer climatologically distributed in the western North Pacific led to high mixed-layer heat potential, which increased latent heat flux, water vapor, and liquid water contents around Hai-Tang's center. These increases were closely associated with Hai-Tang's intensification. SSC negatively affected the eyewall, whereas variations in oceanic preexisting conditions remarkably affected spiral rainbands and the magnitude of SSC.


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