scholarly journals Classification, gradation, prognostic factors and risk factors for thyroid carcinoma

2003 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 56-60
Author(s):  
Vladan Zivaljevic ◽  
Ivan Paunovic ◽  
Aleksandar Diklic ◽  
Ksenija Krgovic ◽  
Rastko Zivic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Cancer ◽  
Prognostic Factors ◽  
Thyroid Carcinoma ◽  
Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia ◽  
Endemic Goiter ◽  
Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer ◽  
External Radiation ◽  
Follicular Cells ◽  
Follicular Thyroid Cancer ◽  
Area Increase

Thyroid carcinomas arise from follicular cells (papillary, follicular, Hurthle, anaplastic), parafollicular cells (medullary) and stroma (lymphoma, sarcoma?). Gradation and prognostic factors are different for every one of histological type. Most patients with papillary and follicular thyroid cancer have an excellent prognosis. At the other extreme is anaplastic thyroid cancer whose usual mean survival can be measured in months. Exposure to external radiation and living in endemic goiter area increase the frequency of thyroid cancer. Medullary thyroid carcinoma is often familial and may occur in associations with the multiple endocrine neoplasia syndromes.

scholarly journals Thyroid Carcinoma with Pituitary Metastases: 2 Case Reports and Literature Review

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weiying Lim ◽  
Dawn Shaoting Lim ◽  
Chiaw Ling Chng ◽  
Adoree Yiying Lim
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Cancer ◽  
Thyroid Carcinoma ◽  
Radioiodine Therapy ◽  
Follicular Thyroid Carcinoma ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer ◽  
Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma ◽  
Pituitary Metastases ◽  
History Of ◽  
Loss Of Appetite

We present 2 patients with pituitary metastases from thyroid carcinoma—the first from anaplastic thyroid carcinoma and the second from follicular thyroid carcinoma. The first patient, a 50-year-old lady, presented with 2-week history of hoarseness of voice, dysphagia, dyspnoea, and neck swelling. Imaging revealed metastatic thyroid cancer to lymph nodes and bone. Histology from surgery confirmed anaplastic thyroid cancer. She was found to have pituitary metastases postoperatively when she presented with nonvertiginous dizziness. She subsequently underwent radiotherapy and radioiodine treatment but passed away from complications. The second patient, a 65-year-old lady, presented with loss of appetite and weight with increased goitre size and dyspnoea. Surgery was performed in view of compressive symptoms and histology confirmed follicular thyroid carcinoma. Imaging revealed metastases to bone, lung, and pituitary. She also had panhypopituitarism with hyperprolactinemia and diabetes insipidus. She received radioiodine therapy but eventually passed away from complications.

scholarly journals Concurrent Hip Pain and Skull Lump as the First Manifestations of a Silent Follicular Thyroid Carcinoma

Reports ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kunta Setiaji ◽  
Widya Surya Avanti ◽  
Hanggoro Tri Rinonce ◽  
Sumadi Lukman Anwar
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Cancer ◽  
Thyroid Carcinoma ◽  
Follicular Thyroid Carcinoma ◽  
Femoral Fractures ◽  
Distant Metastases ◽  
Metastatic Lesion ◽  
Primary Cancer ◽  
Follicular Thyroid Cancer ◽  
Long Term Prognosis

Follicular thyroid carcinoma is a slowly growing cancer with a generally good long-term prognosis. Distant metastasis from follicular thyroid cancer usually occurs in the lung and bones following a long period after diagnosis and treatment for primary cancer. Occult skull metastasis as the first presentation at diagnosis from follicular thyroid cancer is relatively rare. A 51-year-old woman presented with intermittent pain in her right hip that was treated due to the intensely progressed pain, motor weakness, and difficulty walking. The patient was then referred due to swelling in the forehead. Further evaluation revealed that the frontal swelling and the pathological femoral fractures were manifestations of distant metastases from follicular thyroid cancer. In the presence of swelling in the skull, the metastatic lesion should be considered as a differential diagnosis from a silent primary cancer. This report will be beneficial for general practitioners, surgeons, and internists to recognize unusual distant metastatic manifestations from silent differentiated thyroid cancer.

Prophylactic thyroidectomy as method of medullary thyroid carcinoma prevention in children from MEN syndrom families

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 5-11
Author(s):  
Zoya S. Matveeva ◽  
Anatoliy F. Romanchishen ◽  
Alexandr V. Gostimsky ◽  
Kristina V. Vabalayte
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Cancer ◽  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Thyroid Carcinoma ◽  
Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma ◽  
Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia ◽  
Medullary Thyroid Cancer ◽  
Parathyroid Glands ◽  
Medullary Thyroid ◽  
Endocrine Neoplasia ◽  
The Family

The article presents results of diagnostics, surgical treatment and follow-up of patients with rare hereditary-conditioned forms of thyroid cancer – medullary thyroid carcinoma in content of multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome. Particular attention is paid to the examination and tactics of treatment of children and adolescents with family genetically confirmed Sipple syndrome. The disease is diagnosed in 4 families. Syndrome of multiple endocrine neoplasia 2a type we found in 7 (0.024%) of 29,325 children and adult patients. All the children were from families in which one of the blood relatives suffered medullary thyroid cancer. The family nature of the disease was confirmed by molecular genetic studies that revealed mutations in C634 (T1900C) in the 11 exon of the RET gene. Only in 3 out of 7 cases thyroidectomy was prophylactic. Four children were fond foci of medullary carcinoma in the removed thyroid gland. In total, 22 operations were performed for the members of 4 families suffering from the family syndrome MEN-2a. The article shows that if a patient is diagnosed Sippl's syndrome, all his blood relatives need to be checked for the mutation of the RET gene to identify familial medullary thyroid cancer, adenomas of parathyroid glands and pheochromocytomas. Early removal of the thyroid gland (in children under the age of 5 years) prevents medullary cancer, and timely diagnosis and adequate surgical removal of neoplasms of parathyroid glands and adrenal glands ensure recovery of the patients. Closest relatives should be checked for the level of calcium and calcitonin, catecholamines, vanillylmandelic acid and metanephrine, ACTH, cancer-embryonic antigen.

scholarly journals GRP78 promotes metastasis by regulation of the endoplasmic reticulum stress through remodeling extracellular matrix in thyroid carcinoma

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guohong Zhao ◽  
Jianqin Kang ◽  
Guanghui Xun ◽  
Jing Wei ◽  
Xiaoguang Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Cancer ◽  
Thyroid Carcinoma ◽  
Er Stress ◽  
Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer ◽  
Proliferative Potential ◽  
Genomic Amplification ◽  
Ecm Remodeling ◽  
Kegg Pathways ◽  
Normal Tissues

Abstract Background Thyroid cancer(TC)is the most common type of endocrine malignant tumor and the incidence is increasing by years. Conventional surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy are difficult to improve significantly effects due to the aggression and metastasis of poorly differentiated thyroid cancer (PDTC) and anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) which are the most malignant type of thyroid cancer. Glucose-regulated protein (GRP78) as the key molecule is related to tumor growth, apoptosis and metastasis. However, the mechanisms responsible for the effects of TC on GRP78 still need to be discussed. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to explore the presence of GRP78 and the potential mechanism of TC. Results GRP78 expression is increased in thyroid carcinoma tissues in comparison with the adjacent normal tissues. Besides, down-regulation of GRP78 significantly inhibited the metastatic and proliferative potential of ATC cells in vitro studies. In addition, tunicomycin (TM)-induced ER stress could up-regulate the expression of GRP78, PERK and XBP1 as well as reverse metastatic ability of GRP78 in TC cells. Bioinformatics and statistical analysis of gene ontology (GO) enrichment and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways for RNA-seq data from si-GRP78 and si-control showed GRP78 may regulate the ability of metastasis through the ECM remodeling in ATC cells, as well as the expression of ECM components such as COL1A1 and MMP13 were illustrated to be highly relevant to ATC. The analysis of GEPIA database confirmed that high genomic amplification of MMP13 and COL1A1 in TC tissues and were correlated with TNM stage. A further western blot analysis showed MMP13 may be the target of GRP78 in ATC cells and ER stress could activate the expression of MMP13 which was suppressed by depletion of GRP78. Conclusions GRP78 is an important regulator of metastasis under the ER stress. In addition, GRP78’s functions might be mediated by ECM remodeling in ATC cells, which implicates GRP78 as a therapeutic target in thyroid cancer.

scholarly journals Clinicopathological and metastasis status of follicular thyroid cancer

2021 ◽  
Vol 63 (9) ◽  
pp. 6-9
Author(s):  
Xuan Hau Nguyen ◽  
◽  
Thi Phuong Anh Nguyen ◽  
Van Quang Le ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Cancer ◽  
Thyroid Carcinoma ◽  
Follicular Thyroid Carcinoma ◽  
Nodal Metastasis ◽  
Follicular Thyroid Cancer ◽  
Male Ratio ◽  
Mean Diameter ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Metastatic Sites ◽  
Undetermined Significance

This study aims to evaluate the clinicopathological and metastasis status of follicular thyroid cancer at K Hospital. We conducted a retrospective combined with prospective cohort study of 48 follicular thyroid carcinoma patients treated by surgery at K hospital from January 2016 to July 2020. The mean age was 44±16.1 and the female/male ratio was 4.3/1. Most patients presented with an asymptomatic and had a unilateral tumor with mean diameter was 21.7±12 mm. 72.9% of tumors were classified as TIRADS 4 on ultrasound, and FNA did not play a big role in the diagnosis of follicular thyroid carcinoma with undetermined significance result in 48.9% of cases. Distant metastasis in 18.8%, the most common metastatic sites were bone, followed by the lungs. The overall rate of nodal metastasis was 31.3%. Cancer in both thyroid lobes had significantly associated with nodal metastasis (p<0.05)

scholarly journals A ‘silent’ skull metastatic follicular thyroid carcinoma mimicking as a benign scalp tumor in a pregnant woman

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tsung-Chun Huang ◽  
Yu-Kai Cheng ◽  
Tsung-Wei Chen ◽  
Yung-Chang Hsu ◽  
En-Wei Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Cancer ◽  
Pregnant Woman ◽  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Thyroid Carcinoma ◽  
Neurological Deficit ◽  
Follicular Thyroid Carcinoma ◽  
Follicular Thyroid Cancer ◽  
Image Study ◽  
Thyroglobulin Level ◽  
Cranial Metastasis

Summary Thyroid cancer with cranial metastasis in a pregnant woman is very rare. In the literature, most cases are diagnosed early from neurogenic signs or symptomatic thyroid gland. Pregnancy also contributes to a hesitation toward early surgical and medical treatments. We reported a scalp tumor in a physically healthy 37-year-old pregnant female with a follicular thyroid carcinoma (FTC) with lung, bone and cranial metastasis in initial presentation. Silent neurogenic and physical examinations make an early diagnosis very challenging. Resection of scalp and intracranial tumor, a thyroidectomy, post-operative radioactive iodine therapy and tyrosine kinase inhibitors were employed as treatment. The scalp tumor was confirmed as a metastatic follicular thyroid carcinoma via positive immunoreactivity for thyroglobulin and thyroid transcription factor 1 in tumor cells. Blood examination revealed an elevated thyroglobulin level (>5335 ng/mL). The patient was discharged without any neurological deficit. An asymptomatic scalp tumor in a pregnant woman with a normal thyroid disease history needs differential diagnosis from intracranial origin. Rapid progression and an elevated thyroglobulin level are the indicators that further image study is needed. Aggressive surgical excision of resectable thyroid gland and metastatic tumor are essential for a longer survival rate. There is nothing to indicate that a post-partum operation will worsen prognosis. Learning points: Follicular thyroid cancer with cranial metastasis in initial presentation can be asymptomatic. Follicular thyroid cancer with cranial metastasis in a pregnant woman can be treated after delivery. Rapid enlargement of scalp tumor is indicated for further image study even in a patient without any neurological deficit.

Benign and Malignant Thyroid Diseases

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lindsay EY Kuo ◽  
Matthew A. Nehs
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Cancer ◽  
Thyroid Disease ◽  
Medullary Thyroid Cancer ◽  
Radioactive Iodine ◽  
Nodular Goiter ◽  
Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Follicular Cells ◽  
Toxic Nodular Goiter ◽  
Carbohydrate And Lipid Metabolism

The thyroid is key to numerous metabolic and homeostatic processes, including thermomodulation, protein synthesis, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, and adrenergic regulation. A normal thyroid gland weighs 15 to 25 g and is firm, mobile, and smooth to palpation. There are two distinct physiologically active cell types: follicular cells, which synthesize thyroid hormone, and parafollicular or C cells, which produce calcitonin. Surgery is indicated for three broad categories of thyroid disease: (1) a hyperfunctioning gland, (2) an enlarged gland (goiter) causing compressive symptoms, and (3) diagnosing or treating malignancy. These indications may overlap in a patient presenting for surgical consultation. Regardless of the indication, a thorough discussion with the patient about the thyroid disease and other diagnostic or therapeutic options (if any) should be conducted. This reviews contains 3 figures, 13 tables, and 56 references. Key Words: anaplastic thyroid cancer, antithyroid medications, Bethesda classification, follicular thyroid cancer, Graves disease, medullary thyroid cancer, nontoxic multinodular goiter, papillary thyroid cancer, radioactive iodine, toxic nodular goiter

scholarly journals Deregulation of microRNA expression in follicular cell-derived human thyroid carcinomas

2010 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. F91-F104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierlorenzo Pallante ◽  
Rosa Visone ◽  
Carlo Maria Croce ◽  
Alfredo Fusco
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Cancer ◽  
Thyroid Carcinoma ◽  
Thyroid Tissue ◽  
Endocrine System ◽  
Follicular Carcinoma ◽  
Thyroid Neoplasms ◽  
Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer ◽  
Microrna Expression ◽  
Human Thyroid ◽  
Thyroid Carcinomas

Carcinoma of the thyroid gland is an uncommon cancer, but one of the most frequent malignancies of the endocrine system. Most thyroid cancers are derived from the follicular cells. Follicular carcinoma is considered more malignant than papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), and anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) is one of the most lethal human cancers. Even though several genetic lesions have been already described in human thyroid cancer, particularly in the papillary histotype, the mechanisms underlying the development of these neoplasias are still far from being completely elucidated. Some years ago, several studies were undertaken to analyze the expression of microRNAs (miRNAs or miRs) in thyroid carcinoma to evaluate a possible role of their deregulation in the process of carcinogenesis. These studies showed an aberrant microRNA expression profile that distinguishes unequivocally among PTC, ATC, and normal thyroid tissue. Here, other than summarizing the current findings on microRNA expression in human thyroid carcinomas, we discuss the mechanisms by which microRNA deregulation may play a role in thyroid carcinogenesis, and the possible use of microRNA knowledge in the diagnosis and therapy of thyroid neoplasms.

scholarly journals AKT Activation Promotes Metastasis in a Mouse Model of Follicular Thyroid Carcinoma

Endocrinology ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 146 (10) ◽  
pp. 4456-4463 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caroline S. Kim ◽  
Vasily V. Vasko ◽  
Yasuhito Kato ◽  
Michael Kruhlak ◽  
Motoyasu Saji ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Cancer ◽  
Mouse Model ◽  
Thyroid Carcinoma ◽  
Cell Motility ◽  
Follicular Thyroid Carcinoma ◽  
Common Finding ◽  
Follicular Thyroid Cancer ◽  
Akt Activation ◽  
Akt Isoforms ◽  
Phosphorylated Akt

The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/AKT pathway is crucial to many cell functions, and its dysregulation in tumors is a common finding. The molecular basis of follicular thyroid cancer metastasis is not well understood but may also be influenced by AKT activation. We previously created a knockin mutant mouse that expresses a mutant thyroid hormone receptor-β gene (TRβPV mouse) that spontaneously develops thyroid cancer and distant metastasis similar to human follicular thyroid cancer. In this study, we investigated whether our mouse model exhibits similar AKT activation as human follicular thyroid cancer. Western blot analysis on thyroids from both wild-type and TRβPV/PV mice revealed elevation of activated AKT in TRβPV/PV mice. Immunohistochemistry and confocal microscopy reveal activated AKT in both the thyroid and metastatic lesions of TRβPV/PV mice. Whereas all three AKT isoforms were overexpressed in primary tumors from TRβPV/PV mice in the cytoplasm of thyroid cancer cells, only AKT1 was also found in the nucleus, matching the localization of activated AKT in a pattern similar to human follicular thyroid cancer. In the metastases, all AKT isoforms correlated with phosphorylated AKT nuclear localization. We created primary thyroid cell lines derived from TRβPV/PV mice and found reduction of phosphorylated AKT levels or AKT downstream targets diminishes cell motility. Activated AKT is common to both human and mouse follicular thyroid cancer and is correlated with increased cell motility in vitro and metastasis in vivo. Thus, TRβPV/PV mice could be used to further dissect the detailed pathways underlying the progression and metastasis of follicular thyroid carcinoma.

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