The Importance of Trade in the Western Hemisphere

1994 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 157-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sidney Weintraub
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
North America ◽  
Trade Policy ◽  
Western Hemisphere ◽  
Postwar Period ◽  
Policy Issues ◽  
The Caribbean

Trade policy throughout the Western Hemisphere is in a state of flux, more so now than at any other time in the postwar period. Among policy officials in Latin America, the Caribbean, and North America, there is general agreement on many trade policy issues but uncertainty about others. Although this paper starts with areas of agreement, it focuses upon those issues for which there is no consensus.

The Nature of the South

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Lyman Bushman
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
North America ◽  
Temperature Gradient ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Western Hemisphere ◽  
The South ◽  
The North ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
Plantation Agriculture ◽  
Southern Colonies

Plantation agriculture in the western hemisphere extended from Brazil northward through the Caribbean to the northern boundary of Maryland. This geography created a line in North America noted by seventeenth-century imperial economists. The southern colonies produced crops needed in the home land making the South far more valuable to the empire than the North. Plantation agriculture stopped at the Maryland-Pennsylvania border because the climate made slavery impractical north of that line. Only farmers who produced valuable exports could afford the price of slaves. Tobacco, though it could be grown in the North, was not commercially feasible there. The growing season had to be long enough to get a crop in the ground while also planting corn for subsistence, allow the tobacco to mature, and harvest it before the first frost. Tobacco was practical within the zone of the 180-day growing season whose isotherm outlines the areas where slavery flourished. Within this zone, the ground could be worked all but a month or two in winter, giving slaves plenty to do. Cattle could also forage for themselves, reducing the need for hay. Southern farmers could devote themselves to provisions and market crops, increasing their wealth substantially compared to the North where haying occupied much of the summer. Differing agro-systems developed along a temperature gradient running from North to South with contrasting crops and labor systems attached to each.

scholarly journals Saving Women's Lives in Latin America and the Caribbean: Improving Cervical Cancer Screening and Treatment Quality and Access

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement 2) ◽  
pp. 148s-148s
Author(s):  
S. Beare ◽  
A. Meglioli ◽  
J. Burke ◽  
N. Bandhoe ◽  
J. López Gallardo
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Latin America ◽  
Cancer Screening ◽  
Cervical Cancer Screening ◽  
Western Hemisphere ◽  
Civil Society Organizations ◽  
Policy Dialogue ◽  
Hpv Dna ◽  
Cancer Services ◽  
The Caribbean

Background and context: It is the third leading cause of cancer deaths among females in Latin America and the Caribbean, and yet cervical cancer is almost entirely preventable and treatable. In a region where many lack even basic access to quality sexual and reproductive healthcare, screening and treatment services for HPV and cervical cancer are far from universally available. International Planned Parenthood Federation/Western Hemisphere Region (IPPF/WHR) and its member associations (MAs) are working to reverse this trend, identifying and bridging local gaps in access and services wherever possible. Aim: IPPF/WHR and its MAs seek to improve both providers' ability to deliver - and women's ability to access - quality cervical cancer screening and treatment through institutional capacity building, the introduction of new technologies, advocacy and community awareness efforts. Strategy/Tactics: 1) Increase cervical cancer services by training providers in the provision of low cost, high capacity screening and treatment methods, including visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA), HC2 and HPV DNA screening technologies, and a single-visit approach (SVA) to treatment using cryotherapy, thermocoagulation and LEEP. 2) Educate populations and increase demand for cervical cancer services by implementing public awareness campaigns and community information, education and communication (IEC) activities promoting the importance of early detection and treatment. 3) Improve and standardize clinical protocols and referral pathways by advocating among and collaborating with key decision-makers and local ministries of health. Program/Policy process: MAs are implementing small-scale pilot studies to incorporate VIA, HC2 and HPV DNA screening and new treatment to provide even greater numbers of women with potentially life-saving diagnostics and care in Belize, Honduras, El Salvador and Bolivia. As leading clinical experts and advocates, several MAs are also working with public sector counterparts to refine two-way referral pathways, standardize screening protocols and clinical guidelines, and to ensure data quality and collection. A range of Caribbean MAs have also been trained in the use of VIA, cryo and LEEP. Outcomes: From 2016 to 2017, MAs from Belize, Grenada, Suriname, and several additional Caribbean countries who received training in VIA and other screening and treatment techniques saw an average 7% increase in the number of direct cervical cancer services provided. MAs from Belize, Bolivia and Honduras also contributed to updated national cervical cancer protocols. What was learned: An effective national response to cervical cancer requires the support and collaboration of civil society organizations, which can deliver direct services and play a catalytic role in advancing technical recommendations and policy dialogue. Countries should continue to improve the quality of VIA services, until more advanced screening technologies become available and can be scaled up.

Cuba & The Caribbean

Worldview ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 26 (12) ◽  
pp. 19-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irving Louis Horowitz
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
North America ◽  
The Other ◽  
Caribbean Region ◽  
Quarter Century ◽  
Fidel Castro ◽  
Opposite Hand ◽  
Modus Vivendi ◽  
The Caribbean

Since Fidel Castro came to power nearly a quarter-century ago, diplomats from Latin America, politicians from North America, and academics from both hemispheres have been asking how to involve Cuba in the Caribbean peacemaking process. More often than may be warranted by evidence, they have assumed that Cuban interests are consonant with those of the other states of the Caribbean region. Any objection to the word interests as being too strong is met by a barrage of rhetorical arguments purporting to demonstrate that, at the very least, a modus vivendi is possible. But Cuban communism is a sore thumb and not easily disposed of by appeals to use the opposite hand.

The Slave Trade and Slavery in the Americas

Slave No More ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 17-40
Author(s):  
Aline Helg
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Slave Trade ◽  
Western Hemisphere ◽  
American Continent ◽  
Chattel Slavery ◽  
Women And Children ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Eighteenth And Nineteenth Centuries ◽  
The U.S

This chapter outlines the major phases of the slave trade in relation to colonization and the evolution of the institution of slavery. Between the sixteenth and nineteenth centuries, the Christian Western Hemisphere relied on the enslavement of Africans, and as a result, tens of thousands of men, women, and children were deported from Africa to the Caribbean and the American continent for nearly four centuries. This chapter covers slavery in Peru and Brazil in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, as well as the sugar plantations in the Caribbean, Brazil, and North America in the late seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. This chapter also covers the topics of cotton, sugar, coffee, and chattel slavery in the U.S. South, Cuba, and Brazil in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, and explores the similarities and differences in slave systems in the Americas.

Canada's First Diplomatic Missions in Latin America

1974 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. R. Murray
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Latin America ◽  
Western Hemisphere ◽  
Considerable Effort ◽  
Active Participant ◽  
Canadian Foreign Policy ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
British Commonwealth

Canada became the odd man out in the Western Hemisphere when it declared war on Germany on September 10, 1939. Other than the Caribbean colonies of the various European belligerents, Canada was the only American country to become an active participant in the European war. The decision to go to war had been freely made by Parliament, but it was clearly determined by Canada's historic ties as a member of the British Commonwealth. As the only independent belligerent in the Americas, Canada's position clearly was anomalous, and the makers of Canadian foreign policy had to go to considerable effort trying to overcome the problems Canada faced as a nation at war in a hemisphere trying to avoid war.

The Handbook of National Population Censuses: Latin America and the Caribbean, North America, and Oceania.

1984 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 309
Author(s):  
Russell Thornton ◽  
Doreen S. Goyer ◽  
Eliane Domschke
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
North America ◽  
National Population ◽  
The Caribbean

Soviet Political Uses of Trade with Latin America

1985 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 99-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert K. Evanson
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Central America ◽  
Developing World ◽  
Western Hemisphere ◽  
The Other ◽  
Military Aid ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Trade Credits ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
The U.S

This Essay examines Soviet uses of economic trade for political and diplomatic purposes in Latin America. Recent events in Central America and the Caribbean have generated a great number of analyses of Soviet goals and tactics in the Western Hemisphere (Duncan, 1984; Leiken, 1984; Rothenberg, 1984; Varas, 1984; Valenta, 1982). Direct Soviet military aid to Nicaragua, and to Grenada prior to the U.S. invasion in 1983, has suggested a more forward Soviet role in the region. On the other hand, Soviet arms shipments to Latin America, excepting those to Cuba, are a relatively recent response to revolutionary developments that may prove to be ephemeral, or which may encounter stiff U.S. resistance. Given geopolitical realities of the area, the Soviet military option certainly is less viable in Latin America than elsewhere in the developing world. In contrast, trade and aid – and Soviet aid is given chiefly in the form of trade credits – are a long-established, politically safe tactical alternative.

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