Are Social Background Models Time-Bound?

1986 ◽  
Vol 80 (3) ◽  
pp. 957-967 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Sidney Ulmer
Keyword(s):  
Supreme Court ◽  
Social Background ◽  
Research Note ◽  
Background Model ◽  
Confounding Variable ◽  
Background Models

In this research note I seek to determine whether a significantly predicting social background model for analyzing the votes of Supreme Court justices is time-bound. I argue that an affirmative result poses serious questions for past uses of such models, none of which has controlled for the possibility that time is a confounding variable. A model that significantly predicted the votes of the justices in the Court's 1903–1968 terms was constructed. Analysis with this model for two periods—from 1903 to 1935, and from 1936 to 1968—established that the model was not timeneutral. Appropriate theoretical implications are drawn.

3. Scaling Supreme Court Decisions in Relation to Social Background

1958 ◽  
Vol 1 (5) ◽  
pp. 6-7
Author(s):  
John R. Schmidhauser ◽  
David Gold
Keyword(s):  
Supreme Court ◽  
Social Background ◽  
Court Decisions ◽  
Supreme Court Decisions

Social Background Characteristics of Nonpartisan City Council Members: A Research Note

1985 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 495 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carol A. Cassel
Keyword(s):  
Social Background ◽  
City Council ◽  
Research Note ◽  
Background Characteristics

scholarly journals Scattered moonlight observations with X-shooter

2019 ◽  
Vol 624 ◽  
pp. A39
Author(s):  
A. Jones ◽  
S. Noll ◽  
W. Kausch ◽  
S. Unterguggenberger ◽  
C. Szyszka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Near Infrared ◽  
Current Model ◽  
Background Model ◽  
Lunar Phase ◽  
Aerosol Extinction ◽  
Coarse Particles ◽  
The Moon ◽  
Aerosol Scattering ◽  
Phase Functions ◽  
Background Models

Estimating the sky background is critical for ground-based astronomical research. In the optical, scattered moonlight dominates the sky background, when the moon is above the horizon. The most uncertain component of a scattered moonlight model is the aerosol scattering. The current, official sky background model for Cerro Paranal uses an extrapolated aerosol extinction curve. With a set of X-shooter sky observations, we have tested the current sky background model as well as determined the aerosol extinction from the ultra-violet (UV) to near-infrared (NIR). To our knowledge, this is the first time that a scattered moonlight model has been used for this purpose. These observations were taken of blank sky, during three different lunar phases, and at six different angular distances from the moon for each lunar phase. Overall, the current model does reproduce the observations for average conditions quite well. Using a set of sky background models with varying aerosol distributions to compare with the observations, we found the most likely aerosol extinction curves, phase functions, and volume densities for the three nights of observations and compare them with the current model. While there are some degeneracies in the aerosol scattering properties, the extinction curves tend to flatten towards redder wavelengths and are overall less steep compared to the extrapolated curve used in the current model. Also, the current model had significantly less coarse particles compared to the favored volume densities from the X-shooter data. Having more coarse particles affects the phase function by being more peaked at small angular distances. For the three nights of sky observations, the aerosol size distributions differed, most likely reflecting the changes in atmospheric conditions and aerosol content, which is expected. In short, the current sky background model is in fair agreement with the observations, and we have determined better aerosol extinction curves and phase functions for Cerro Paranal. Using nighttime sky observations of scattered moonlight and a set of sky background models is a new method to probe the aerosol content of the atmosphere.

Research Note: Ideology and Conflict in Supreme Court Opinion Assignment, 1946-1962

1972 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-27
Author(s):  
W. P. McLauchlan
Keyword(s):  
Supreme Court ◽  
Research Note

Background Modeling Approach Based on Eigenspace Decomposition

2012 ◽  
Vol 157-158 ◽  
pp. 1399-1403
Author(s):  
Jian Wu Long ◽  
Xuan Jing Shen ◽  
Hai Peng Chen
Keyword(s):  
Video Sequence ◽  
Moving Objects ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Background Model ◽  
Training Set ◽  
Training Samples ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Eigenspace Decomposition ◽  
Svd Decomposition ◽  
Background Models

In this work principal component analysis (PCA) was adopted to construct a background model and moving objects were detected by background subtraction method. Firstly, constructed the matrix of training samples by means of converting the video sequence to vectors. Then calculated the covariance matrix C of the training set, and acquired the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of C through SVD decomposition. Next, sorted the eigenvalues and reconstructed the background model by using several image vectors which had higher cumulative contribution. Finally, comparison experiments are performed with the detection results by GMM approach. Experimental results show that the proposed method in this paper could establish background models more accurate and have better effective of object detection.

The Impact of the Basic Law: Human Dignity and Liberty on the Law of Criminal Procedure and Evidence

1999 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 678-719 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eliahu Harnon
Keyword(s):  
Supreme Court ◽  
Human Dignity ◽  
Criminal Procedure ◽  
Social Background ◽  
Basic Law ◽  
The Supreme Court ◽  
The Law ◽  
Constitutional Right ◽  
Law Of Evidence ◽  
The Impact

In March 1992, Israel's Parliament, the Knesset, enacted Basic Law: Human Dignity and Liberty. Some believe that this Basic Law has created a constitutional revolution in Israel, while others feel this view to be exaggerated. In any event, there is general agreement that the Basic Law, with its 13 brief sections, has effected many significant changes in numerous areas of law.It is well known that criminal procedure and some parts of the law of evidence are particularly sensitive to constitutional changes. To what extent is this also true in Israel as a consequence of the Basic Law and interpretations given to it?More particularly, what precisely does the Basic Law say, and what has the Supreme Court inferred from the principles of human dignity and liberty beyond the express provisions of the Basic Law? What influence does the Basic Law exert on new legislation and indeed on legislation preceding the enactment of the Basic Law itself? May one expect that the Supreme Court will adopt the idea that the Basic Law embodies an exclusionary rule of evidence obtained in breach of a constitutional right? These, and other relevant questions, will be discussed below. First, however, we shall refer briefly to the legal and social background of the Basic Law.

scholarly journals Judicial Hostility Toward Labor Unions? Applying the Social Background Model to a Celebrated Concern

2000 ◽  
Author(s):  
James J. Brudney ◽  
Sara Schiavoni ◽  
Deborah Jones Merritt
Keyword(s):  
Labor Unions ◽  
Social Background ◽  
Background Model ◽  
The Social

scholarly journals Elastic reflection waveform inversion with variable density

Geophysics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 84 (4) ◽  
pp. R553-R567 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuanyuan Li ◽  
Qiang Guo ◽  
Zhenchun Li ◽  
Tariq Alkhalifah
Keyword(s):  
Waveform Inversion ◽  
Variable Density ◽  
Background Model ◽  
Reverse Time ◽  
S Wave ◽  
Low Frequencies ◽  
Wave Velocities ◽  
Reflection Data ◽  
Time Migration ◽  
Background Models

Elastic full-waveform inversion (FWI) provides a better description of the subsurface information than those given by the acoustic assumption. However, it suffers from a more serious cycle-skipping problem compared with the latter. Reflection waveform inversion (RWI) is able to build a good background model, which can serve as an initial model for elastic FWI. Because, in RWI, we use the model perturbation to explicitly fit reflections, such perturbations should include density, which mainly affects the dynamics. We applied Born modeling to generate synthetic reflection data using optimized perturbations of the P- and S-wave velocities and density. The inversion for the perturbations of the P- and S-wave velocities and density is similar to elastic least-squares reverse time migration. An incorrect background model will lead to misfits mainly at the far offsets, which can be used to update the background P- and S-wave velocities along the reflection wavepath. We optimize the perturbations and background models in an alternate way. We use two synthetic examples and a field-data case to demonstrate our proposed elastic RWI algorithm. The results indicate that our elastic RWI with variable density is able to build reasonably good background models for elastic FWI with the absence of low frequencies, and it can deal with the variable density, which is required in real cases.

A Well-Traveled Lot: A Research Note on Judicial Travel by U.S. Supreme Court Justices

2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 367-384 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan C. Black ◽  
Ryan J. Owens ◽  
Miles T. Armaly
Keyword(s):  
Supreme Court ◽  
Research Note
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