The Old Copper Complex: An Archaic Manifestation in Wisconsin

1956 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 244-254 ◽  
Author(s):  
Warren L. Wittry ◽  
Robert E. Ritzenthaler
Keyword(s):  
Copper Complex ◽  
Archaic Period ◽  
Radiocarbon Dates ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Copper Site ◽  
Cultural Traits ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Old Copper Complex

It seems appropriate, particularly in the light of the recent radiocarbon dates for an Old Copper site, that the accumulated information about the Old Copper complex be summarized for the use of those interested in the prehistory of the Northeast. While some of the data presented here have been previously published in greater descriptive detail, they are briefly reviewed because they represent the factual basis for the definition of the complex as a local cultural variant in the Archaic period. The radiocarbon dates and certain new data add materially to the basis for the interpretation of the remains of these early inhabitants of Wisconsin. We use the term “Archaic” to refer to a time period rather than a cultural assemblage, although we shall discuss the cultural traits that appear to fit into this time period in the locale under discussion.

ON THE TIMING OF THE OLD COPPER COMPLEX IN NORTH AMERICA: A COMPARISON OF RADIOCARBON DATES FROM DIFFERENT ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONTEXTS

Radiocarbon ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
David P Pompeani ◽  
Byron A Steinman ◽  
Mark B Abbott ◽  
Katherine M Pompeani ◽  
William Reardon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Native American ◽  
Lake Sediment ◽  
Copper Complex ◽  
Lake Superior ◽  
Copper Mining ◽  
Radiocarbon Dates ◽  
Copper Mines ◽  
Tool Technology ◽  
High Lead ◽  
Old Copper Complex

ABSTRACT The Old Copper Complex (OCC) refers to the production of heavy copper-tool technology by Archaic Native American societies in the Lake Superior region. To better define the timing of the OCC, we evaluated 53 (eight new and 45 published) radiocarbon (14C) dates associated with copper artifacts and mines. We compared these dates to six lake sediment-based chronologies of copper mining and annealing in the Michigan Copper District. 14C dates grouped by archaeological context show that cremation remains, and wood and cordage embedded in copper artifacts have ages that overlap with the timing of high lead (Pb) concentrations in lake sediment. In contrast, dates in stratigraphic association and from mines are younger than those from embedded and cremation materials, suggesting that the former groups reflect the timing of processes that occurred post-abandonment. The comparatively young dates obtained from copper mines therefore likely reflect abandonment and infill of the mines rather than active use. Excluding three anomalously young samples, the ages of embedded organic material associated with 15 OCC copper artifacts range from 8500 to 3580 cal BP, confirming that the OCC is among the oldest known metalworking societies in the world.

Issues Involved in the Definition and Classification of Chronic Health Conditions

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 91 (4) ◽  
pp. 787-793 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ellen C. Perrin ◽  
Paul Newacheck ◽  
I. Barry Pless ◽  
Dennis Drotar ◽  
Steven L. Gortmaker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Conditions ◽  
Research Policy ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Health Condition ◽  
Children And Families ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Use Of Medical Services

The need for a widely applicable definition of chronic conditions for research, policy, and program development has led to an extensive review of the development of such definitions, the considerations involved in their use, and some recommendations for a new approach. This paper examines some of the methodologic and conceptual issues related to defining and classifying chronic conditions and describes some consequences resulting from decisions made about these issues. While most examples are taken from child health applications, the basic concepts apply to all age groups. The dominant method for identifying and classifying children as having a chronic condition has relied on the presence of an individual health condition of lengthy duration. This condition-specific or "categorical" approach has increasingly seemed neither pragmatically nor conceptually sound. Thus, the development of a "generic" approach, which focuses on elements that are shared by many conditions, children, and families, is recommended. Such a definition might reflect the child's functional status or ongoing use of medical services over a specified time period. In addition, it is suggested that conditions be classified based on the experience of individual children, thus emphasizing the tremendous variability in expression of seemingly similar conditions.

scholarly journals Radiocarbon Dates from Jar and Coffin Burials of the Cardamom Mountains Reveal a Unique Mortuary Ritual in Cambodia's Late- to Post-Angkor Period (15th–17th Centuries AD)

Radiocarbon ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 54 (01) ◽  
pp. 1-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nancy Beavan ◽  
Sian Halcrow ◽  
Bruce McFadgen ◽  
Derek Hamilton ◽  
Brendan Buckley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phnom Penh ◽  
Radiocarbon Dates ◽  
Mortuary Ritual ◽  
Island Southeast Asia ◽  
Calendar Date ◽  
Exposed Rock ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Funerary Rituals ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Burial Rituals

We present the first radiocarbon dates from previously unrecorded, secondary burials in the Cardamom Mountains, Cambodia. The mortuary ritual incorporates nautical tradeware ceramic jars and log coffins fashioned from locally harvested trees as burial containers, which were set out on exposed rock ledges at 10 sites in the eastern Cardamom Massif. The suite of 2814C ages from 4 of these sites (Khnorng Sroal, Phnom Pel, Damnak Samdech, and Khnang Tathan) provides the first estimation of the overall time depth of the practice. The most reliable calendar date ranges from the 4 sites reveals a highland burial ritual unrelated to lowland Khmer culture that was practiced from cal AD 1395 to 1650. The time period is concurrent with the 15th century decline of Angkor as the capital of the Khmer kingdom and its demise about AD 1432, and the subsequent shift of power to new Mekong trade ports such as Phnom Penh, Udong, and Lovek. We discuss the Cardamom ritual relative to known funerary rituals of the pre- to post-Angkorian periods, and to similar exposed jar and coffin burial rituals in Mainland and Island Southeast Asia.

scholarly journals Predefined-Time Antisynchronization of Two Different Chaotic Neural Networks

Complexity ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Lixiong Lin
Keyword(s):  
Neural Networks ◽  
Lyapunov Function ◽  
Time Stability ◽  
Stabilization Time ◽  
Control Lyapunov Function ◽  
Practical Advantage ◽  
Chaotic Neural Networks ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Function Design ◽  
Definition Of

This paper is concerned with antisynchronization in predefined time for two different chaotic neural networks. Firstly, a predefined-time stability theorem based on Lyapunov function is proposed. With the help of the definition of predefined time, it is convenient to establish a direct relationship between the tuning gain of the system and the fixed stabilization time. Then, the antisynchronization is achieved between two different chaotic neural networks via active control Lyapunov function design. The designed controller presents the practical advantage that the least upper bound for the settling time can be explicitly defined during the control design. With the help of the designed controller, the antisynchronization errors converge within a predefined-time period. Numerical simulations are presented in order to show the reliability of the proposed method.

scholarly journals University of Pennsylvania Radiocarbon Dates XV

Radiocarbon ◽  
1973 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 367-381 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Lawn
Keyword(s):  
Humic Acid ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Half Life ◽  
University Of Pennsylvania ◽  
Radiocarbon Dates ◽  
Sample Information ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Geologic Samples

This date list includes most of the archaeologic and geologic samples dated in this laboratory since publication of our last date list (R., v. 12, p. 577–589), as well as some samples which had previously been dated, but lacked the sample information necessary for publication. Known-age samples, completed in this time period, will be reported elsewhere. The b.p. ages are based upon a.d. 1950, and have been calculated with the half-life value of 5568 yr. All samples were counted at least twice for periods of not less than 1000 minutes each. Errors quoted for each sample are derived from the measurement of the sample, the background, and of several counts of our mid-19th century standard oak sample, but do not include the half-life error. All samples were pretreated with 3N HCl, and some, where noted, were given additional pretreatment with 2% NaOH for the removal of possible humic acid contaminants.

scholarly journals PROBLEMS OF CREATION THE MONITORING SYSTEM CONCERNING THE CONDITION OF INFORMATIZATION OF THE GENERAL EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS

1970 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Valeriy Yu. Bykov ◽  
Anatolii Yu. Pylypchuk
Keyword(s):  
General Education ◽  
Monitoring System ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Monitoring Systems ◽  
Data Submission ◽  
Monitoring Time ◽  
Time Period ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Monitoring Technologies

In the article the problems, which appear under the creation of monitoring systems concerning the condition of informatization of general educational institutions, such as definition of monitoring object and list of parameters that will be traced during the monitoring, technologies of obtaining and actualization of data parameters, that are to be monitored, formats of data submission and ways of its processing, monitoring time period etc. are considered. In the article some decision of these problems are offered. Here is also mentioned the data of some characteristics and possibilities of the creation of monitoring systems concerning the condition of informatization of general educational institutions in Ukraine.

scholarly journals Radiocarbon Dating of Anthropogenic Carbonates: What Is the Benchmark for Sample Selection?

Heritage ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 1416-1432
Author(s):  
Michael B. Toffolo
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Carbonate ◽  
Cultural Evolution ◽  
Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Radiocarbon Dating ◽  
Sample Selection ◽  
Hydrated Lime ◽  
Radiocarbon Dates ◽  
Synthetic Materials ◽  
Lime Plaster ◽  
Definition Of

Anthropogenic carbonates are pyrotechnological products composed of calcium carbonate, and include wood ash, lime plaster/mortar, and hydraulic mortar. These synthetic materials are among the first produced by humans, and greatly influenced their biological and cultural evolution. Therefore, they are an important component of the archeological record that can provide invaluable information about past lifeways. One major aspect that has been long investigated is the possibility of obtaining accurate radiocarbon dates from the pyrogenic calcium carbonate that makes up most of these materials. This is based on the fact that anthropogenic carbonates incorporate atmospheric carbon dioxide upon the carbonation of hydrated lime, and thus bear the radiocarbon signature of the atmosphere at a given point in time. Since plaster, mortar, and ash are highly heterogeneous materials comprising several carbon contaminants, and considering that calcium carbonate is prone to dissolution and recrystallization, accurate dating depends on the effectiveness of protocols aimed at removing contaminants and on the ability to correctly identify a mineral fraction that survived unaltered through time. This article reviews the formation and dissolution processes of pyrogenic calcium carbonate, and mineralogical approaches to the definition of a ‘dateable fraction’ based on its structural properties.

The definition of the Early Medieval site of Quentovic

Antiquity ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 66 (253) ◽  
pp. 965-969 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Hill ◽  
Margaret Worthington ◽  
Julia Warburton ◽  
David Barrett
Keyword(s):  
Early Medieval ◽  
Radiocarbon Dates ◽  
Key Features ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The University ◽  
University Of Manchester

Earlier fieldwork by the University of Manchester (see ANTIQUITY 64:51–8) identified the important early medieval port of Quentovic. This note reports on the final two seasons of work, which clarified the phasing and extent of this major wic settlement, and on the radiocarbon dates from key features.

scholarly journals Current and Foreseen Tungsten Production in Portugal, and the Need of Safeguarding the Access to Relevant Known Resources

Resources ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 64
Author(s):  
António Mateus ◽  
Catarina Lopes ◽  
Luís Martins ◽  
Mário Abel Gonçalves
Keyword(s):  
Land Use Planning ◽  
Mineral Exploration ◽  
Political Factors ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Future Supply ◽  
Joint Interpretation ◽  
Future Potential ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Additional Support

The economic and strategic importance of tungsten is widely recognized, but several concerns exist on its stable future supply. Portugal is one of the main tungsten producers in Europe, having generated ≈121 kt of contained tungsten in mineral concentrates from 1910 to 2020, i.e., ≈3.3% of the global production documented for the same time period. Since the early nineties, tungsten mining in Portugal is confined to the Panasqueira deposit which accounts for 79% of the country reserves (≈5.4 kt). However, according to the performed Generalized Verhulst and Richards curve-fitting forecasts, there is a significant future potential for increasing production in Portugal due to the low (<2%) depletion rates of the remaining known tungsten resources (≈141 kt). This projected growth is not necessarily guaranteed, depending on many unpredictable economic, technological, and political factors, besides appropriate social consents. Even so, a prudent land-use planning oriented to long-term needs should avoid the sterilization of the most relevant tungsten resources so far identified in the country. These are resources of “public importance”, as objectively demonstrated with a weighed multi-dimensional (geological, economic, environmental, and social) approach. Safeguarding the access to these resources does not implicate more than ≈6% of the Portugal mainland territory. The joint interpretation of results independently gathered for tungsten production forecasts and for the definition of areas hosting tungsten resources of public importance, provides additional support to political decisions on the urgent need to reconcile mineral exploration surveys and mining with other land uses.

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