Shellfishing Seasons in the Prehistoric Southeastern United States

1986 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheryl Claassen
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Brackish Water ◽  
Gulf Coast ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Atlantic Coast ◽  
Southeastern United States ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Warm Weather ◽  
Brackish Water Species ◽  
Water Species

Shellfish seasonality studies are summarized in this article, which presents the results of analysis at 94 sites in nine southeastern states. All but six of the sites are middens or shell lenses composed of marine or brackish water species (M. mercenaria, R. cuneata, D. variabilis). Shells in those sites along the Atlantic coast were collected from fall to early spring, while shells in sites on the Gulf coast were collected during early spring to summer. Freshwater shellfish middens in four states have been investigated and consistently indicated collection during warm weather. The uniformity of the results indicates that the variation in species used, techniques used, sample sizes, or geography have no noticeable negative impact on the usefulness of the results. It is argued that shellfish were a staple in the diet of many prehistoric horticultural peoples in spite of the fact that they are a dietary supplement for modern hunters and collectors.

scholarly journals Tropical Cyclones and Drought Amelioration in the Gulf and Southeastern Coastal United States

2013 ◽  
Vol 26 (21) ◽  
pp. 8440-8452 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justin T. Maxwell ◽  
Jason T. Ortegren ◽  
Paul A. Knapp ◽  
Peter T. Soulé
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Tropical Cyclones ◽  
North Atlantic ◽  
Gulf Coast ◽  
Atlantic Coast ◽  
Southeastern United States ◽  
Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation ◽  
The North ◽  
Ocean Atmosphere ◽  
Drought Conditions

Abstract Precipitation from land-falling tropical cyclones (TCs) has a significant hydroclimatic influence in the southeastern United States, particularly during drought years. The frequency with which TCs ended drought conditions was examined for southeastern coastal states from Texas to North Carolina during 1895–2011. The region was divided into the Gulf Coast states (GCS) and the southeastern Atlantic coast states (ACS). The spatiotemporal patterns of tropical cyclone drought busters (TCDBs) were analyzed. Larger-scale ocean–atmosphere influences on TCDBs were examined using chi-squared analysis. The ACS experienced TCDBs more frequently and farther inland compared to the GCS. The number of TCDBs has significantly increased with time in the ACS. TCDBs numbers in the GCS did not exhibit significant increases, but the area alleviated of drought conditions increased significantly in the last 117 years. The dominant larger-scale ocean–atmosphere forcing of TCDBs was a combination of a warm Atlantic Ocean [positive Atlantic multidecadal oscillation index (AMO+)] and weak westerlies [negative North Atlantic Oscillation index (NAO−)]. AMO+ leads to an increase in the number of TCs throughout the North Atlantic basin, and NAO− increases the likelihood of TC landfall by controlling the steering of TCs toward the southeastern United States.

The macrofauna of brackish and fresh waters of the Loch Druidibeg National Nature Reserve and its neighbourhood, South Uist

1979 ◽  
Vol 77 ◽  
pp. 353-376 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. Waterston ◽  
I. H. J. Lyster
Keyword(s):  
Brackish Water ◽  
Nature Reserve ◽  
Atlantic Coast ◽  
Marine Species ◽  
Freshwater Sponges ◽  
National Nature Reserve ◽  
A Site ◽  
Brackish Water Species ◽  
Water Species ◽  
Potamopyrgus Jenkinsi

SynopsisThree main types of Hebridean freshwater lochs occur in the Loch Druidibeg National Nature Reserve; eutrophic calcareous machair lochs near the Atlantic coast, mesotrophic lochs on the edge of the moor and oligotrophic lochs on the peatlands. Chloride/calcium concentrations, highest in lochs near the sea, fall away rapidly inland and are lowest in the moor lochs. The fauna of eutrophic and mesotrophic lochs includes a few euryhaline brackish-water species Potamopyrgus jenkinsi, Diaptomus wierzejskii, Neomysis integer and Gammarus duebeni. G. duebeni alone penetrates the oligotrophic lochs. Freshwater sponges are widespread but are absent from the machair lochs and there are no triclad planarians. The fauna of fast and slow stream segments is described. Loch Bee, a man-made lagoon, unlike the open brackish lochs of North Uist, is an unstable habitat and its fauna has changed considerably since it was investigated in 1933. The fauna consists mainly of brackish-water species and a few stenohaline marine species which are confined to its seaward ends. The sequence of faunistic change in the Howmore estuary, Lochs Roag and Fada, a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI), is described; the brackish-water fauna is reduced by the volume of fresh water passing through the system. A brief account is given of the unusual dominance of Hyalinella punctata and Potamopyrgus jenkinsi in Loch Ardvule (SSSI), South Uist.

Shark Nursery Grounds of the Gulf of Mexico and the East Coast Waters of the United States

2007 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Gulf Of Mexico ◽  
East Coast ◽  
Gulf Coast ◽  
Atlantic Coast ◽  
The United States ◽  
Shark Species ◽  
Carcharhinus Plumbeus ◽  
Nursery Areas ◽  
Pesticide Metabolites

<em>Abstract.</em>—Because of their tendency to accumulate in estuaries and coastal regions, organochlorine (OC) contaminants such as pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) represent potential threats to the quality of essential fish habitat for many shark species. These compounds pose special risks to immature sharks in particular because of their ability to impair growth and sexual maturation in juvenile fish at environmentally relevant levels of exposure. In order to assess the extent of these risks in shark populations on the East Coast of the United States, the present study examined concentrations of 30 OC pesticides/pesticide metabolites and total PCBs in juvenile sandbar <em>Carcharhinus plumbeus </em>and blacktip <em>C. limbatus </em>sharks from seven major nursery areas in the western Atlantic Ocean and eastern Gulf of Mexico. Quantifiable levels of PCBs and 13 OC pesticides/ pesticide metabolites were detected via gas chromatography and mass spectrometry in liver of 25 young-of-the-year blacktip sharks from the southeastern U.S. Atlantic coast and three regions on Florida’s gulf coast: Cedar Key, Tampa Bay, and Charlotte Harbor. Similarly, quantifiable levels of PCBs and 14 OC pesticides/metabolites were detected in 23 juvenile <em>C. plumbeus </em>from three sites on the northeastern U.S. coast: middle Delaware Bay, lower Chesapeake Bay, and Virginia’s eastern shore. Liver OC concentrations in Atlantic sandbar and blacktip sharks were higher than expected and, in some cases, comparable with elevated levels observed in deep-sea and pelagic sharks. Although significantly lower than those observed in Atlantic sharks, pesticide and PCB levels in Florida blacktip sharks were similar to, if not greater than, OC concentrations reported in adults of other coastal shark species. Based on these data, OC contamination appears to pose significant threats to habitat quality in sandbar and blacktip shark nursery areas on the U.S. Atlantic coast.

Macrostomum shenda and M. spiriger, two new brackish-water species of Macrostomum (Platyhelminthes: Macrostomorpha) from China

Zootaxa ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4603 (1) ◽  
pp. 105
Author(s):  
FAN XIN ◽  
SI-YU ZHANG ◽  
YONG-SHI SHI ◽  
LEI WANG ◽  
YU ZHANG ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brackish Water ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
28S Rdna ◽  
Body Region ◽  
Rdna Sequences ◽  
Molecular Phylogenetic ◽  
28S Rdna Sequences ◽  
Pore Opening ◽  
Brackish Water Species ◽  
Water Species

In this study, two new brackish-water species of Macrostomum (M. shenda n. sp. and M. spiriger n. sp.) collected from Shenzhen, China, were described based on morphological, histological, and molecular phylogenetic analyses. Macrostomum shenda n. sp. differs from its congeners in the oblique and non-thickening distal opening of its narrow funnel-shaped stylet. In addition, its sperm have neither bristles nor brush, and are surrounded by an undulating membrane in the mid-body region. In M. spiriger n. sp., the stylet is spirally twisted. Its reproductive apparatus has a seminal bursal pore opening exteriorly. Results of the 18S and 28S rDNA phylogenetic analyses also support the establishments of these two new species. Moreover, the 18S and 28S rDNA sequences of some species within Macrostomum in previous studies have been revised to avoid ambiguity, while Macrostomum dongyuanensis Wang & Sun, 2015 was re-identified as a new record of M. quiritium Kolasa, 1973 from China.

Chaetoceros pauciramosus sp. nov. (Bacillariophyceae), a Widely Distributed Brackish Water Species in the C. lorenzianus Complex

Protist ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 169 (5) ◽  
pp. 615-631 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zuo Yi Chen ◽  
Nina Lundholm ◽  
Øjvind Moestrup ◽  
Janina Kownacka ◽  
Yang Li
Keyword(s):  
Brackish Water ◽  
Brackish Water Species ◽  
Water Species

The Biology of Downy Brome (Bromus tectorum)

Weed Science ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 32 (S1) ◽  
pp. 7-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald C. Thill ◽  
K. George Beck ◽  
Robert H. Callihan
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
British Columbia ◽  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Bromus Tectorum ◽  
Southeastern United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Western United States ◽  
Downy Brome ◽  
Perennial Grassland

Downy brome (Bromus tectorumL. # BROTE), also known as cheatgrass, downy chess, broncograss, Mormon oats, and junegrass, was introduced into the United States from Europe, apparently during the middle of the nineteenth century (11, 21). According to Mack (23), downy brome entered British Columbia, Washington, and Utah around 1890; and by 1928 it had reached its present range, occupying much of the perennial grassland in Washington, Idaho, Oregon, Nevada, Utah, and British Columbia. Today, downy brome is a widespread weed throughout most of Canada, Mexico, and the United States, except for the southeastern United States (5, 17). Some consider downy brome to be an important forage because it provides most of the early spring grazing for livestock in western United States rangeland (21). However, it is also considered a troublesome weed in rangeland (31), winter wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) (27), several other crops (29), and noncropland (32).

Observations by Means of Cine Photography on the Behaviour of the Haptonema in Plankton Flagellates of the Class Haptophyceae

1971 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 207-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. S. C. Leadbeater
Keyword(s):  
Fine Structure ◽  
Light Microscopy ◽  
Brackish Water ◽  
Type Species ◽  
Smooth Surface ◽  
Marine Species ◽  
Phaeocystis Globosa ◽  
The Third ◽  
Brackish Water Species ◽  
Water Species

INTRODUCTIONInitially the haptonema was recorded as a ‘little additional flagellum’ by Scherffel (1899) when he described Phaeocystis globosa. Similarly, the haptonema was referred to as the ‘third flagellum’ on the apparently tri-flagellate, brackish-water Prymnesium saltans Massart (Massart, 1920). Two further brackish water species of Prymnesium were described by Carter (1937) and all were characterized by a very short immobile ‘third appendage’. Lackey (1939) found a freshwater organism similar to Prymnesium but it possessed a ‘third flagellum’ several times the length of the true flagella. He re-corded that the third appendage was held out rigidly when the cell was at rest but during rapid swimming he was unable to see it and thought that this was due to an extremely rapid beat. He named his new organism Chrysochromulina parva and C. parva Lackey is now the type species of a considerable genus.Parke, Manton & Clarke (1955,1956,1958,1959) made a study of the light microscopy and fine structure of numerous marine species of Chrysochromulina. Their results showed that the ‘third flagellum’ differed in appearance and structure from that of a true flagellum and hence they decided to call this organelle a haptonema owing to its thread-like form and its ability to adhere to a smooth surface (Parke, Manton & Clarke, 1955). Their observations revealed that the haptonema could attach to a surface by an ‘adhesive tip’ and that the majority of species could coil their haptonemata into a helix and extend it again. In some species, e.g. C. strobilus (Parke, Manton & Clarke, 1959), the haptonema was usually tightly coiled whilst the cell was swimming.

scholarly journals The Distribution of Gammarus Species in Estuaries. Part I

1947 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. M. Spooner
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Brackish Water ◽  
Field Work ◽  
Bottom Fauna ◽  
Qualitative Composition ◽  
British Isles ◽  
Free Swimming ◽  
The Status ◽  
Brackish Water Species ◽  
Water Species

The work of which an account is here given was largely carried out from the autumn of 1937 to the spring of 1940, when it was interrupted by the war. In taking it up again (in July 1945) while, facilities for field work are still limited, the author feels it useful to publish results as they stand and indicate where further work is considered advisable.In examinations of the free-swimming bottom fauna of the Tamar and other estuaries, attention was inevitably drawn to the populations of Gammarus species, which make up the greater bulk of it. Before quantitative observations were planned, some interesting points came to light with regard to the qualitative composition of populations. This aspect lent itself more readily to study and, though byno means a new field for exploration, soon proved worth examining ingreater detail than previous workers had attempted.The broad fact of a replacement of one Gammarus species by another in passing up an estuary was well enough known, though exact knowledge for the British Isles only starts from the time when G. zaddachi Sexton was recognized as a regular member of the upper estuarine fauna of the Tay (Bassindale, 1933; Alexander, Southgate & Bassindale, 1935) and of the Deben (Serventy, 1935). This species proved to be the main brackish-water species overlapping with the marine G. locusta (L.) near the seaward end, and with the fresh-water G. pulex (L.) at the river end (or ‘head’) of the estuary. The status in estuaries of two other brackish-water species, G. duebeni Lillj. and G. chevreuxi Sexton, remained obscure.

GULF COAST RIVERS OF THE SOUTHEASTERN UNITED STATES

2005 ◽  
pp. 124-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. MILTON WARD ◽  
PHILLIP M. HARRIS ◽  
AMELIA K. WARD
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Gulf Coast ◽  
Southeastern United States
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