French Peasant Proprietorship Under the Open Field System of Husbandry

1891 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 59
Author(s):  
F. Seebohm
Keyword(s):  
Open Field ◽  
Field System

The Internet is a Semicommons

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Grimmelmann
Keyword(s):  
Open Field ◽  
Online Communities ◽  
Strategic Behavior ◽  
Private Property ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Field System ◽  
Technical Features ◽  
Dynamic Interplay ◽  
Enormous Success

78 Fordham Law Review 2799 (2010)The Internet is a semicommons. Private property in servers and network links coexists with a shared communications platform. This distinctive combination both explains the Internet's enormous success and illustrates some of its recurring problems.Building on Henry Smith's theory of the semicommons in the medieval open-field system, this essay explains how the dynamic interplay between private and common uses on the Internet enables it to facilitate worldwide sharing and collaboration without collapsing under the strain of misuse. It shows that key technical features of the Internet, such as its layering of protocols and the Web's division into distinct "sites," respond to the characteristic threats of strategic behavior in a semicommons. An extended case study of the Usenet distributed messaging system shows that not all semicommons on the Internet succeed; the continued success of the Internet depends on our ability to create strong online communities that can manage and defend the infrastructure on which they rely. Private and common both have essential roles to play in that task, a lesson recognized in David Post's and Jonathan Zittrain's recent books on the Internet.

Sunnyside Timeline

Sunnyside ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 146-149
Author(s):  
Laura Wright
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
North America ◽  
Open Field ◽  
Land Tenure ◽  
Sir Walter Scott ◽  
Washington Irving ◽  
Chronological Order ◽  
Legal Concept ◽  
Scottish Gaelic ◽  
Field System

The timeline summarises the findings presented in the book and re-orders them in chronological order. Dividing land into sunny and shady parts was originally a technical North British legal concept to do with land tenure, evidenced in manuscripts from the twelfth century and with counterparts in Scandinavia known as solskifte. When the open-field system was abandoned, houses built on former sunny divisions retained the name Sunnyside. Greens was the Scottish Gaelic expression of the same concept. The name largely stayed within North Britain until the Nonconformist movements of the 1600s spread it southwards via networks of travelling Quakers, who took it to North America. In 1816 Washington Irving saw Sunnyside, Melrose when visiting Sir Walter Scott, and renamed his house Sunnyside accordingly. Wealthy London nonconformists named their grand suburban villas Sunnyside, consolidating the trend. Twentieth-century plotlands house-naming is also considered, and the prevalence of historic sol- farm names in Scandinavia.

Open Field System

2018 ◽  
pp. 9798-9800
Author(s):  
Donald N. McCloskey
Keyword(s):  
Open Field ◽  
Field System

Open Field System

1987 ◽  
pp. 1-3
Author(s):  
Donald N. McCloskey
Keyword(s):  
Open Field ◽  
Field System

The Open Field in Devonshire

Antiquity ◽  
1949 ◽  
Vol 23 (92) ◽  
pp. 180-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. P. R. Finberg
Keyword(s):  
Open Field ◽  
Rural Economy ◽  
Western Boundary ◽  
The South ◽  
Field System ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Field Area ◽  
Open Fields

It has been generally agreed that Devonshire lies outside the area formerly cultivated under the open-field system. The map which serves as frontispiece to Gray’s monograph on the subject shows the western boundary of the open-field area beginning in west Dorsetshire and passing up northward across Somerset so as to exclude Devon, Cornwall, and west Somerset. Dr and Mrs Orwin, while revising and correcting Gray’s data at several points, are emphatic where the south-western counties are concerned. ‘In Lancashire, Devon, and Cornwall, there is nothing to indicate that the system [of open fields] was ever followed’. Recent text-books naturally follow in the wake of these authorities. Professor Darby, for example, writes that in Cornwall, and by implication in Devon also, the prevailing type of rural economy ‘had no relation to the three-field system’ ; and he illustrates his remarks with a reproduction of Gray’s map.One well-known fact, which at first sight appears irreconcilable with these pronouncements, was not overlooked by the authors. I refer to the existence at Braunton, in northwest Devon, of an open field of some 350 acres, divided into nearly five hundred arable strips of intermixed ownership. ‘Some persons own very many of the strips scattered all over the field ; that is to say, several strips in almost every division of it. Others have a few only, one here and there. But in all cases the strips of one owner are everywhere separated from each other by interposed strips of other owners . . . The line of demarcation between any two strips is commonly indicated by a narrow unploughed balk . . . The lesser plots appear as a rule to approximate in area to half an acre, more or less, and the others to multiples of this quantity . . . Very few exceed the limit of two acres’.

DRUG EFFECTS ON EXPLORATION OF A COMBINED MAZE AND OPEN-FIELD SYSTEM BY RATS

1969 ◽  
Vol 159 (3 Experimental) ◽  
pp. 880-897 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Bättig
Keyword(s):  
Open Field ◽  
Drug Effects ◽  
Field System

MEDIEVAL ENGLAND AND THE OPEN-FIELD SYSTEM*

1965 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 86-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.Z. Titow
Keyword(s):  
Open Field ◽  
Medieval England ◽  
Field System

scholarly journals Ecological Location of a Water Source and Spatial Dynamics of Behavior Under Temporally Scheduled Water Deliveries in a Modified Open-Field System: An Integrative Approach

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alejandro León ◽  
Varsovia Hernández ◽  
Ursula Huerta ◽  
Carlos Alberto Hernández-Linares ◽  
Porfirio Toledo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Variation ◽  
Open Field ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Fixed Time ◽  
Integrated System ◽  
Integrative Approach ◽  
Experimental Chamber ◽  
Variable Time ◽  
Field System ◽  
Behavioral Dynamics

It has been reported in non-contingent schedules that the variety of patterns of behavior is affected by the temporal variation of water deliveries. While temporal variation is accomplished by delivering water at fixed or variable times, spatial variation is usually accomplished by varying the number of dispensers and distance among them. Such criteria do not consider the possible ecological relevance of the location of water dispensers. Nevertheless, it is plausible to suppose that the intersection of the programed contingencies (e.g., time-based schedules), the ecological differentiated space (e.g., open vs. closed zones), and the relative location of relevant objects and events (e.g., location of the water source—peripherical vs. center zone) could set up an integrated system with the behavioral patterns of the organism. In the present study, we evaluated the eco-functional relevance of two locations of the dispensers upon behavioral dynamics in Wistar rats using fixed and variable time schedules in a modified open-field system. In Experiment 1, three subjects were exposed to a fixed time 30-s water delivery schedule. In the first condition, the water dispenser was located at the center of the experimental chamber. In the second condition, the water dispenser was located at the center of a wall of the experimental chamber. Each location was present for 20 sessions. In Experiment 2, conditions were the same, but a variable time schedule was used. Routes, distance to the dispenser, recurrence patterns, time spent in zones, entropy, and divergence were analyzed. Our findings suggest a robust differential relevance of the location of the dispensers that should be considered in studies evaluating behavioral dynamics. Results are discussed from an integrative, ecological-parametric framework.

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