Revisiting Occupational Sex Segregation in the United States, 1910-1990: Results from a Log-Linear Approach

AbstractWe tested whether COVID-19 incidence and hospitalization rates were inversely related to vaccination coverage among the 112 most populous counties in the United States, each with a population exceeding 600,000. We measured vaccination coverage as the percent of the total population fully vaccinated as of July 15, 2021, with the exception of 11 Texas counties, where the cutoff date was July 14, 2021. We measured COVID-19 incidence as the number of confirmed cases per 100,000 population during the 14-day period ending August 12, 2021. We measured hospitalization rates as the number of confirmed COVID-19 admissions per 100,000 population during the same 14-day period. COVID-19 incidence was significantly higher among counties in the lower half of the distribution of vaccination coverage (incidence 543.8 per 100,000 among 56 counties with mean coverage 42.61%) than among counties in the lower half of the distribution of coverage (incidence 280.7 per 100,000 among 56 counties with mean coverage 57.37%, p < 0.0001). Hospital admissions were also significantly higher among counties in the lower half of the distribution (55.37 per 100,000) than in the upper half of the distribution (20.48 per 100,000, p < 0.0001). In log-linear regression models, a 10-percentage-point increase in vaccination coverage was associated with a 28.3% decrease in COVID-19 incidence (95% confidence interval, 16.8 – 39.7%), a 44.9 percent increase in the rate of COVID-19 hospitalization (95% CI, 28.8 – 61.0%), and a 16.6% decrease in COVID-19 hospitalizations per 100 cases (95% CI, 8.4 – 24.8%). Higher vaccination coverage is associated not only with significantly lower COVID-19 incidence, but also significantly less severe cases of the disease.

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Rising Intragenerational Occupational Mobility in the United States, 1969 to 2011

American Sociological Review ◽

10.1177/0003122417706391 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 82 (3) ◽

pp. 568-599 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Benjamin F. Jarvis ◽

Xi Song

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Structural Changes ◽

Intergenerational Mobility ◽

Occupational Mobility ◽

The United States ◽

Occupational Classification ◽

Intragenerational Mobility ◽

Economic Trends ◽

Labor Force Composition ◽

Log Linear

Despite the theoretical importance of intragenerational mobility and its connection to intergenerational mobility, no study since the 1970s has documented trends in intragenerational occupational mobility. The present article fills this intellectual gap by presenting evidence of an increasing trend in intragenerational mobility in the United States from 1969 to 2011. We decompose the trend using a nested occupational classification scheme that distinguishes between disaggregated micro-classes and progressively more aggregated meso-classes, macro-classes, and manual and nonmanual sectors. Log-linear analysis reveals that mobility increased across the occupational structure at nearly all levels of aggregation, especially after the early 1990s. Controlling for structural changes in occupational distributions modifies, but does not substantially alter, these findings. Trends are qualitatively similar for men and women. We connect increasing mobility to other macro-economic trends dating back to the 1970s, including changing labor force composition, technologies, employment relations, and industrial structures. We reassert the sociological significance of intragenerational mobility and discuss how increasing variability in occupational transitions within careers may counteract or mask trends in intergenerational mobility, across occupations and across more broadly construed social classes.

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Widening Socioeconomic, Racial, and Geographic Disparities in HIV/AIDS Mortality in the United States, 1987–2011

Advances in Preventive Medicine ◽

10.1155/2013/657961 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 2013 ◽

pp. 1-13 ◽

Cited By ~ 28

Author(s):

Gopal K. Singh ◽

Romuladus E. Azuine ◽

Mohammad Siahpush

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

The United States ◽

Mortality Data ◽

Mortality Trends ◽

Geographic Disparities ◽

Socioeconomic Gradients ◽

Relative Risks ◽

Deprivation Group ◽

Log Linear ◽

Hiv Aids

This study examined the extent to which socioeconomic and racial and geographic disparities in HIV/AIDS mortality in the United States changed between 1987 and 2011. Census-based deprivation indices were linked to county-level mortality data from 1987 to 2009. Log-linear, least-squares, and Poisson regression were used to model mortality trends and differentials. HIV/AIDS mortality rose between 1987 and 1995 and then declined markedly for all groups between 1996 and 2011. Despite the steep mortality decline, socioeconomic gradients and racial and geographic disparities in HIV/AIDS mortality increased substantially during the study period. Compared to whites, blacks had 3 times higher HIV/AIDS mortality in 1987 and 8 times higher mortality in 2011. In 1987, those in the most-deprived group had 1.9 times higher HIV/AIDS mortality than those in the most-affluent group; the corresponding relative risks increased to 2.9 in 1998 and 3.6 in 2009. Socioeconomic gradients existed across all race-sex groups, with mortality risk being 8–16 times higher among blacks than whites within each deprivation group. Dramatic reductions in HIV/AIDS mortality represent a major public health success. However, slower mortality declines among more deprived groups and blacks contributed to the widening gap. Mortality disparities reflect inequalities in incidence, access to antiretroviral therapy, and patient survival.

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Postpartum Psychiatric Admissions in the United States

American Journal of Perinatology ◽

10.1055/s-0039-1694759 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Timothy Wen ◽

Arielle W. Fein ◽

Jason D. Wright ◽

William J. Mack ◽

Frank J. Attenello ◽

...

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Psychiatric Comorbidity ◽

The United States ◽

Psychiatric Diagnoses ◽

Linear Regression Models ◽

Psychiatric Admission ◽

Psychiatric Admissions ◽

Log Linear ◽

Adjusted Model ◽

The Impact

Objective To assess risk for postpartum psychiatric admissions in the United States. Study Design This study used the 2010 to 2014 Nationwide Readmissions Database to identify psychiatric admissions during the first 60 days after delivery hospitalization. Timing of admission after delivery discharge was determined. We fit multivariable log-linear regression models to assess the impact of psychiatric comorbidity on admission risk, adjusting for patient, obstetrical, and hospital factors. Results Of 15.7 million deliveries from 2010 to 2014, 11,497 women (0.07%) were readmitted for a primary psychiatric diagnosis within 60 days postpartum. Psychiatric admissions occurred relatively consistently across 10-day periods after delivery hospitalization discharge. Psychiatric diagnoses were present among 5% of women at delivery but 40% of women who were readmitted postpartum for a psychiatric indication. In the adjusted model, women with psychiatric diagnoses at delivery hospitalization were 9.7 times more likely to be readmitted compared with those without psychiatric comorbidity. Women at highest risk for psychiatric admission were those with Medicare and Medicaid, in lower income quartiles, and of younger age. Conclusion While a large proportion of psychiatric admissions occurred among a relatively small proportion of at-risk women, admissions occurred over a broad temporal period relative to other indications for postpartum admission.

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Peripherization of Immigrant Professionals: Korean Physicians in the United States

International Migration Review ◽

10.1177/019791838802200404 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 22 (4) ◽

pp. 609-626 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Eui Hang Shin ◽

Kyung-Sup Chang

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Labor Market ◽

The United States ◽

Median Income ◽

Immigrant Status ◽

Economic Activities ◽

Korean Immigrant ◽

Gender Status ◽

Immigrant Professionals ◽

Log Linear

Using data on the characteristics of 1,043 physicians graduated from a medical school in Korea, we analyze the effects of immigrant status, gender, and year of graduation on their choice of medical practice specialty. The specialty areas are categorized into two groups, “core” and “periphery”, on the basis of the reported median income of practitioners in each specialty. The results of our log-linear model analyses indicate that female physicians were more likely to immigrate to the United States than male physicians, although the general trend of immigration did not notably change over time. In our main equation, immigrant status shows a significant peripherization effect as immigrant physicians were much more likely to practice in peripheral areas than their home-staying counterparts. Gender status is also found to have a significant peripherization effect. When these Korean immigrant physicians are compared with the U.S.-educated physicians in regard to their areas of practice, the same pattern of peripherization is observed among the immigrants. Our findings suggest that, despite their secular image of “success”, immigrant professionals in the United States carry on the same kind of marginal economic activities within the professional labor market as unskilled immigrant workers do within the nonprofessional labor market.

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