Effects of Sleep Deprivation on Weight Loss and Gut Microbiota Diversity in Obese Patients on a Calorie Restrict Diet

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the effects of sleep deprivation (SD) on the weight loss and gut microbiota diversity in obese patients on a calorie restrict diet (CRD). Methods: Twenty obese patients who were divided into two groups: sleep deprivation group(SD group,n=10) and non-sleep deprivation group(NSD group ,n=10). All the patients received CRD for twelve weeks. Measurement of anthropometric parameters, biochemical examinations and gut microbiota detection were done at baseline and the end of week 12. MI Bands were used to monitor the sleep and exercise. Body shape parameters were measured by using the JAWON ioi353. The gut microbiota was examined by PCR in the v3-v5 region of 16S rDNA gene, and high-throughput sequencing was carried out on the Illumina Miseq platform. The operational taxonomic units (OTUs) was used for analysis. Results: 1. CRD improved the body weight (BW) , waist circumference(WC), blood pressure (BP),basal metabolic rate (BMR) ,body fat content(BFC),and Insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) in all obese patients. 2. In the NSD group, the BW, BFC, VFA, BMR and total cholesterol (TC) reduced significantly when compared with the NSD group after CRD intervention (P<0.05). 3. The Alpha diversity of gut microbiota remained unchanged after the intervention in two groups after CRD intervention. 4. There was a negative correlation between Mollicutes and BMR in the NSD group. Conclusion: The effects of CRD may be weaken by SD in weight loss and the metabolism of blood lipid. Mollicutes bacteria may be related to the weight loss after CRD intervention in obese patients.

Expression of early growth responsive gene-1 in the visual cortex of monocular form deprivation amblyopic kittens

Purpose The present study compared the expression of early growth responsive gene-1 (Egr-1) in visual cortex between amblyopia kittens and normal kittens, and to explore the role of Egr-1 in the pathogenesis of amblyopia. Methods A total of 20 healthy kittens were randomly divided into deprivation group and control group with 10 kittens in each group. Raised in natural light, and covered the right eye of the deprived kittens with a black opaque covering cloth. Pattern visual evoked potentials (PVEP) were measured before and at the 1st, 3rd and 5th week after covering in all kittens. After the last PVEP test, all kittens were killed. The expression of Egr-1 in the visual cortex of the two groups was compared by immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization. Results PVEP detection showed that at the age of 6 and 8 weeks, the P100 wave latency in the right eye of deprivation group was higher than that in the left eye of deprivation group (P < 0.05) and the right eye of control group (P < 0.05), while the amplitude decreased (P < 0.05). The number of positive cells (P < 0.05) and mean optical density (P < 0.05) of Egr-1 protein expression in visual cortex of 8-week-old deprivation group were lower than those of normal group, as well as the number (P < 0.05) and mean optical density of Egr-1 mRNA-positive cells (P < 0.05). Conclusions Monocular form deprivation amblyopia can lead to the decrease of Egr-1 protein and mRNA expression in visual cortex, and then promote the occurrence and development of amblyopia.

Expression of Early Growth Responsive Gene-1 in The Visual Cortex of Monocular Form Deprivation Amblyopic Kittens

Purpose The present study compared the expression of early growth responsive gene-1 (Egr-1) in visual cortex between amblyopia kittens and normal kittens, and to explore the role of Egr-1 in the pathogenesis of amblyopia. Methods A total of 20 healthy kittens were randomly divided into deprivation group and control group with 10 kittens in each group. Raised in natural light, and cover the right eye of the deprived kittens with a black opaque covering cloth. Pattern visual evoked potentials (PVEP) were measured before and at the 1st, 3rd and 5th week after covering in all kittens. After the last PVEP test, all kittens were killed. The expression of Egr-1 in the visual cortex of the two groups was compared by immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization. Results PVEP detection showed that at age of 6 and 8 weeks, the P100 wave latency in the right eye of deprivation group was higher than that in the left eye of deprivation group (P < 0.05) and the right eye of control group (P < 0.05), while the amplitude decreased (P < 0.05). The number of positive cells (P < 0.05) and mean optical density (P < 0.05) of Egr-1 protein expression in visual cortex of 8-week-old deprivation group were lower than those of normal group, as well as the number (P < 0.05) and mean optical density of Egr-1 mRNA-positive cells (P < 0.05). Conclusions Monocular form deprivation amblyopia can lead to the decrease of Egr-1 protein and mRNA expression in visual cortex, and then promote the occurrence and development of amblyopia.

Imbalance of Autophagy and Apoptosis Induced by Oxidative Stress May Be Involved in Thyroid Damage Caused by Sleep Deprivation in Rats

Many studies have shown that sleep deprivation can affect a wide range of tissues and organs, and most of these effects are related to oxidative stress. Oxidative stress can cause functional and morphological changes in cells, which are closely related to autophagy and apoptosis. In this study, we examined changes in thyroid morphology and function, oxidative stress, autophagy, and apoptosis in rats after sleep deprivation. Thyroid hormones, thyroid-stimulating hormone, functional substances required for the synthesis of thyroid hormones, and thyroid morphological observations were used to evaluate the changes and impairment of thyroid function. Methane dicarboxylic aldehyde and total antioxidant capacity were measured to assess oxidative stress in the thyroid. To evaluate the balance of autophagy and apoptosis, the expression of autophagy- and apoptosis-related proteins was examined by western blotting, and apoptotic cells were labeled with TUNEL staining. The body weight of rats in the sleep deprivation group decreased, but the relative weight of the thyroid gland increased. Sleep deprivation led to morphological changes in the thyroid. The levels of thyroid hormones and thyroid-stimulating hormone increased after sleep deprivation. Total antioxidant capacity decreased, and methane dicarboxylic aldehyde levels increased in the thyroid in the sleep deprivation group. Analysis of autophagy- and apoptosis-related proteins indicated that the microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta- (LC3B-) and LC3A-II/I ratio and Beclin 1 levels significantly decreased in the sleep deprivation group and P62 levels significantly increased. The number of apoptotic cells in the thyroid gland of sleep-deprived rats increased significantly. Taken together, these results indicate that sleep deprivation can lead to oxidative stress in the thyroid and ultimately cause thyroid damage, which may be related to the imbalance of autophagy and apoptosis.

Sleep’s short-term memory preservation and long-term affect depotentiation effect in emotional memory consolidation: Behavioral and EEG evidence

Study Objectives Sleep plays a pivotal role in the off-line processing of emotional memory. However, much remains unknown for its immediate vs. long-term influences. We employed behavioral and electrophysiological measures to investigate the short- and long-term impacts of sleep vs. sleep deprivation on emotional memory. Methods Fifty-nine participants incidentally learned 60 negative and 60 neutral pictures in the evening and were randomly assigned to either sleep or sleep deprivation conditions. We measured memory recognition and subjective affective ratings in 12- and 60-hour post-encoding tests, with EEGs in the delayed test. Results In a 12-hour post-encoding test, compared to sleep deprivation, sleep equally preserved both negative and neutral memory, and their affective tones. In the 60-hour post-encoding test, negative and neutral memories declined significantly in the sleep group, with attenuated emotional responses to negative memories over time. Furthermore, two groups showed spatial-temporally distinguishable ERPs at delayed test: while both groups showed the old-new frontal negativity (300-500 ms, FN400), sleep-deprived participants additionally showed an old-new parietal, Late Positive Component effect (600-1000 ms, LPC). Multivariate whole-brain ERPs analyses further suggested that sleep prioritized neural representation of emotion over memory processing, while they were less distinguishable in the sleep deprivation group. Conclusions These data suggested that sleep's impact on emotional memory and affective responses is time-dependent: sleep preserved memories and affective tones in the short term, while ameliorating affective tones in the long term. Univariate and multivariate EEG analyses revealed different neurocognitive processing of remote, emotional memories between sleep and sleep deprivation groups.

Expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in the lateral geniculate body of monocular form deprivation amblyopic kittens

Purpose: The present study compared the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the lateral geniculate body between form deprivation amblyopia kittens and normal kittens to examine the significance of BDNF in the lateral geniculate body in the pathogenesis of amblyopia. Methods: Twenty kittens were divided into control group ( n = 10) and deprivation group ( n = 10). A black opaque eye mask was placed to cover the right eye of the deprivation group. Pattern visual-evoked potentials (PVEPs) were detected weekly in all kittens .After the kittens in the deprivation group developed monocular amblyopia, the lateral geniculate bodies of all kittens were removed. The expression of BDNF in the lateral geniculate body of the two groups was compared by immunohistochemistry and Western blotting. Results: The latency of the P100 wave in the right eye of the deprivation group was longer than that of the left eye and that of the right eye of the control group ( p < 0.05), and the amplitude decreased ( p < 0.05). The number and average optical density of BDNF-positive cells in the deprivation group were lower than those in the control group ( p < 0.05), and the expression of BDNF in the deprivation group was lower than that in the control group ( p < 0.05). Conclusions: The expression of BDNF in the lateral geniculate body of the amblyopic kittens decreased, and the decrease in BDNF promoted the development of amblyopia. These results demonstrate that BDNF in the lateral geniculate body plays an important role in visual development.

Does geodemographic segmentation explain differences in route of cancer diagnosis above and beyond person-level sociodemographic variables?

ABSTRACT Background Emergency diagnosis of cancer is associated with poorer short-term survival and may reflect delayed help-seeking. Optimal targeting of interventions to raise awareness of cancer symptoms is therefore needed. Methods We examined the risk of emergency presentation of lung and colorectal cancer (diagnosed in 2016 in England). By cancer site, we used logistic regression (outcome emergency/non-emergency presentation) adjusting for patient-level variables (age, sex, deprivation and ethnicity) with/without adjustment for geodemographic segmentation (Mosaic) group. Results Analysis included 36 194 and 32 984 patients with lung and colorectal cancer. Greater levels of deprivation were strongly associated with greater odds of emergency presentation, even after adjustment for Mosaic group, which nonetheless attenuated associations (odds ratio [OR] most/least deprived group = 1.67 adjusted [model excluding Mosaic], 1.28 adjusted [model including Mosaic], P &lt; 0.001 for both, for colorectal; respective OR values of 1.42 and 1.18 for lung, P &lt; 0.001 for both). Similar findings were observed for increasing age. There was large variation in risk of emergency presentation between Mosaic groups (crude OR for highest/lowest risk group = 2.30, adjusted OR = 1.89, for colorectal; respective values of 1.59 and1.66 for lung). Conclusion Variation in risk of emergency presentation in cancer patients can be explained by geodemography, additional to deprivation group and age. The findings support proof of concept for public health interventions targeting all the examined attributes, including geodemography.

Psychosocial pathways of collective action participation in NIMBY conflict: A regulated double mediation model

Frequent NIMBY conflicts have seriously affected social stability and urban development. This paper aims to explore the psychosocial path of people participating in the collective action of NIMBY conflict, and to provide theoretical basis for effective governance of NIMBY conflict. By integrating the psychosocial explanatory variables related to collective action, we construct a regulated double mediation Model, which is empirically tested with 566 questionnaires from the NIMBY conflict in gaoling, China. The results show that: group relative deprivation, group emotions and group effectiveness have positive effects on people's NIMBY conflict participation tendency; group effectiveness and group emotions are important mediating variables of group relative deprivation affecting people's NIMBY conflict participation tendency; group identity has a positive adjustment effect on people's group emotions, group effectiveness, and the participation tendency of NIMBY conflict. The research indicates that group relative deprivation is the key precursor of NIMBY conflict, group emotion is the key factor driving the deterioration of NIMBY conflict, and group identity is the key factor catalyzing the occurrence of NIMBY conflict. This study helps to explain the psychological mechanism of people's participation in NIMBY conflict, and has certain implications for the prevention and governance of NIMBY conflict.

Autophagy Triggered by Oxidative Stress Appears to Be Mediated by the AKT/mTOR Signaling Pathway in the Liver of Sleep-Deprived Rats

Sleep deprivation adversely affects the digestive system. Multiple studies have suggested sleep deprivation and oxidative stress are closely related. Autophagy can be triggered by oxidative stress as a self-defense strategy to promote survival. In this study, we investigated the effects of sleep deprivation on liver functions, oxidative stress, and concomitant hepatocyte autophagy, as well as the associated pathways. Enzymatic and nonenzymatic biochemical markers in the serum were used to assess hepatic function and damage. To evaluate the occurrence of autophagy, expression of autophagy-related proteins was tested and autophagosomes were labeled. Additionally, methane dicarboxylic aldehyde (MDA), antioxidant enzymes, and the protein kinase B (AKT)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway were analyzed using chemical methods and a Western blot. Serum alanine transaminase, aspartate aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase increased in sleep-deprived rats. Total protein and albumin abundance was also abnormal. Sleep deprivation induced histopathological changes in the liver. The superoxide dismutase level decreased significantly in the liver of sleep-deprived rats. In contrast, the MDA content increased in the sleep deprivation group. Moreover, the microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta (LC3B) II/I ratio and Beclin I content increased considerably in the sleep-deprived rats, while p62 levels decreased. Sleep deprivation apparently inhibited the AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. We conclude that sleep deprivation can induce oxidative stress and ultimately cause liver injury. Autophagy triggered by oxidative stress appears to be mediated by the AKT/mTOR pathway and plays a role in relieving oxidative stress caused by sleep deprivation.

Therapeutic effect of vasoactive intestinal peptide on form-deprived amblyopic kittens

Background : Exploring the role of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) in the lateral geniculate body (LGBd) in visual development and studying the therapeutic effect of VIP on amblyopic kittens. Methods: Three-week-old domestic cats were divided into a control group (n = 10) and a monocular deprivation group (n = 20), with an eye mask covering the right eye of those in the deprived group. After pattern visual evoked potential (PVEP) recording confirmed the formation of monocular amblyopia, the left LGBd was isolated from 5 kittens in each group. The remaining control kittens continued to be raised, and the remaining deprivation group was divided into a VIP intervention group (n = 5), Sefsol (caprylic acid monoglyceride, VIP solution) intervention group (n = 5) and amblyopia non-intervention group (n = 5) after removal of the eye mask. Three weeks later, PVEPs, VIP immunohistochemistry and VIP mRNA expression in the left LGBd were compared across groups. Results: At 6 weeks of age, there were significant differences in P100 wave latency and amplitude and VIP immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization between the control group and the deprivation group (P < 0.05). After 3 weeks of the corresponding interventions, the latency and amplitude in the VIP intervention group were better than that in the Sefsol intervention group and amblyopia non-intervention group (P < 0.05). Furthermore, VIP treatment increased the number of immunohistochemical VIP-positive cells (P < 0.05) and the average optical density of positive cells (P > 0.05), as well as the number (P < 0.05) and average optical density of VIP mRNA-positive cells (P < 0.05). Conclusion s : VIP plays an important role in visual development. Nasal administration of VIP can improve the function of neurons in the LGBd of kittens and has a certain therapeutic effect on amblyopia.