Female Control of the Distribution of Paternity in Cooperative Breeders

Birth weight is inversely associated with blood pressure. Placental insufficiency in the rat induces low birth weight indicative of intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) associated with sex-dependent hypertension in IUGR offspring in young adulthood. However, placental insufficiency programs the development of age-dependent hypertension in the female IUGR rat by 12 months of age. Blood pressure increases with age and the prevalence of hypertension is significantly increased in low birth weight women at 60 relative to 50 years of age. Yet, the exact mechanisms that mediate age-dependent hypertension following a developmental insult are unknown. We previously noted that endothelin mediated via its endothelin type A receptor (ET A R) plays a significant role in blood pressure regulation in hypertensive male IUGR but not in normotensive female IUGR rats in young adulthood. Thus, we hypothesized that endothelin mediated via its ET A R would play a contributory role in the development of age-dependent hypertension in the female IUGR rat. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) was measured via arterial catheter in conscious female control and female IUGR offspring at approximately 12 and 18 months of age in animals that received vehicle or an ET A R antagonist (ABT-627, 5 mg/kg BW, Abbott) in the drinking water for 4 days prior to measure of MAP. MAP was significantly increased in IUGR (135±2 mmHg; P <0.05,) relative to control (121±2 mmHg) at 12 months of age (N=9 per group). MAP was remained significantly elevated in IUGR (149±5 mmHg, P <0.05) relative to control (135±5 mmHg) at 18 months of age (N=5 per group) despite age-dependent increases in MAP in IUGR and control rats. Chronic ET A R blockade significantly decreased MAP in treated IUGR (113±2 mmHg; P <0.05 vs. untreated IUGR, N=6) but blockade of the ET A R had no impact on blood pressure in treated control (134±9 mmHg; N=5) at 18 months of age. Thus, these findings indicate that age augments the importance of endothelin via its ET A R in the etiology of hypertension programmed by IUGR but does not contribute to the age-dependent increase in blood pressure in the female control. Furthermore, this study highlights the need for sex- and age-specific considerations in the management of hypertension following a developmental insult.

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A New Partnership: Art, Money and Religion

Time and Tide ◽

10.3366/edinburgh/9781474418188.003.0008 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 211-240

Author(s):

Catherine Clay

Keyword(s):

The Feminine ◽

Materialist Feminist ◽

Female Control

This chapter begins by identifying marked changes in the appearance and content of Time and Tide from the mid-1930s, including a decrease in female signatures, more masculine-coded advertisements, and a distancing from cultures associated with the ‘feminine middlebrow’. In early accounts of the periodical such changes have been interpreted as representing a dilution of Time and Tide’s feminism and a move away from its female readership. However, here and in the following chapter it is argued that while Time and Tide gradually distanced itself from the feminist label it did not abandon its feminist commitment. This chapter considers the significance of the new partnership formed between Time and Tide’s political editor, Lady Rhondda, and the religious and highbrow intellectual Theodora Bosanquet, whose appointment as literary editor in 1935 brought both ends of the paper under female control. Exploring a conversation about art, money and religion between these two women in and outside the pages of the magazine and noting a new emphasis on class in the paper’s columns, the chapter argues that Rhondda’s materialist feminist and professional interests and the more mystical and spiritual interests of its new literary editor are not as oppositional as they seem.

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2.1 Female Control Mechanisms and Natural Selection

Female Control ◽

10.1515/9780691207209-013 ◽

1996 ◽

pp. 45-50

Keyword(s):

Natural Selection ◽

Control Mechanisms ◽

Female Control

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Trypanosoma congolense in the Microvasculature of the Pituitary Gland of Experimentally Infected Boran Cattle (Bos indicus)

Veterinary Pathology ◽

10.1177/030098589303000501 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 30 (5) ◽

pp. 401-409 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

G. Abebe ◽

M. K. Shaw ◽

R. M. Eley

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Extracellular Matrix ◽

Structural Changes ◽

Bos Indicus ◽

Light And Electron Microscopy ◽

Trypanosoma Congolense ◽

Glossina Morsitans ◽

Glossina Morsitans Centralis ◽

Pituitary Glands ◽

Female Control

The pituitary glands of seven Boran cattle ( Bos indicus), five infected with a clone of Trypanosoma congolense IL 1180 (ILNat 3.1) transmitted by Glossina morsitans centralis and two uninfected controls, were examined by light and electron microscopy 43 (experiment 2) or 56 (experiment 1) days after fly challenge. The three cattle used in the first experiment included a 15-month-old female (No. 1), a 24–month-old female (No. 2), and a 21–month-old male (No. 3) as a control. In the second experiment, four cattle were used: two females (Nos. 4, 5) and one male (No. 6), all between 15 and 24 months of age, and one female control (No. 7) of similar age. In all the infected animals, dilation of both the sinusoids and microvasculature was apparent, as was an increase in the thickness of the extracellular matrix between the pituitary lobules. Trypanosomes were found in the microvasculature of the adenohypophysis and neurohypophysis in all the infected animals. Focal degenerative changes were seen in the adenohypophyseal section of glands from the infected animals euthanatized 56 days post-infection. These degenerative structural changes were confined to the somatotrophs cells. The possible role that trypanosomes in the microvasculature may play in inducing pituitary damage and dysfunction is discussed.

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Individual Phenotype Trait Variability as Genetic Markers of Gender Susceptibility to Spina Bifida

Balkan Journal of Medical Genetics ◽

10.2478/v10034-011-0012-5 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

pp. 11-17 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

D Nikolic ◽

S Cvjeticanin ◽

I Petronic ◽

R Brdar ◽

D Cirovic ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Spina Bifida ◽

Genetic Markers ◽

Direct Observation ◽

Control Group ◽

Male Control ◽

Expression Of Genes ◽

Individual Trait ◽

Spina Bifida Aperta ◽

Female Control ◽

Trait Variability

Individual Phenotype Trait Variability as Genetic Markers of Gender Susceptibility to Spina BifidaWe compared individual trait variability in 65 male and 81 female patients with spina bifida occulta (SBO) or spina bifida aperta (SBA) against 170 male and 200 female subjects randomly selected Serbian subjects without these conditions. Variability was evaluated by direct observation of 15 homozygous recessive traits (HRT), while gender was evaluated separately. Individual trait variations between genders in SBO patients (4/15 HRT) and in SBA patients (12/15 HRT) showed remarkable differences. Individual trait variations between the male control group and SBO (9/15 HRT), between the female control group and SBO (5/15 HRT), between the male control group and SBA (8/15 HRT), between the female control group and SBA (9/15 HRT), between male SBO and SBA patients (6/15 HRT), between female SBO and SBA patients (6/15 HRT), also indicated remarkable differences. These differences could be explained by different expression of genes that may contribute to expression of spina bifida (SB).

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Hymenolepis diminuta: an investigation of juvenile hormone titre, degradation and supplementation in the intermediate host, Tenebrio molitor

Parasitology ◽

10.1017/s0031182000078744 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 100 (3) ◽

pp. 445-452 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

H. Hurd ◽

C. Strambi ◽

N. E. Beckage

Keyword(s):

Juvenile Hormone ◽

Intermediate Host ◽

Topical Application ◽

Post Infection ◽

Reproductive Output ◽

Endocrine System ◽

Tenebrio Molitor ◽

Hymenolepis Diminuta ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Female Control

SUMMARYMetacestodes of Hymenolepis diminuta cause a perturbance of vitellogenesis in the intermediate host Tenebrio molitor. The reduction in host reproductive output associated with infection may be due to this pathophysiology. Many of these events are regulated by host juvenile hormone (JH). A comparison of the titre of JH and its rate of degradation in female control and parasitized 15-day-old insects has been made. Haemolymph from female beetles contained 1·27 pMol JH equivalents/100 µl. No significant difference was associated with infection. However, topical application of a JH analogue, methoprene, at the time of infecion or 8 days post-infection reduced the significant accumulation of vitellogenin usually found in the haemolymph of females 12 days or more post-infection. These findings indicate that parasite-induced alteration of host vitellogenesis is not mediated via alteration in JH titres, although observations made after hormone supplementation suggest some form of interaction between the parasite and the host endocrine system.

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