The Pacifism of the Sixteenth Century Anabaptists

1955 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 119-131
Author(s):  
Harold S. Bender
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
World War I ◽  
World War ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
Late Twentieth Century

A preliminary word should be said about the propriety of the use of the late, twentieth-century term “pacifism” to apply to the peace doctrines of the sixteenth-century Anabaptists. As it has been used since World War I pacifism designates broadly an idealistic anti-militarist position whose goal is the elimination of war in history.

“When Women Do the Work of Men”: Representations of Gendered Occupational Identities on British Railways in World War I Cartoons

2019 ◽  
Vol 117 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-78
Author(s):  
Emma Robertson ◽  
Lee-Ann Monk
Keyword(s):  
Women Workers ◽  
World War I ◽  
Occupational Culture ◽  
World War ◽  
National Union ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
Traditional Work ◽  
Late Twentieth Century ◽  
Do So

During World War I in Britain, women workers took on previously men-only jobs on the railways. In response to this wartime development, the National Union of Railwaymen published a series of cartoons in their journal, Railway Review. These images depicted women employed as porters and guards, occupying the engine footplate, and acting in the role of station-mistress. Through a close reading of the cartoons, and related images in the journal, this article examines how the humorous portrayal of female railway workers reinforced masculine occupational identities at the same time as revealing ambiguities in (and negotiating anxieties over) the gendered nature of railway employment. Despite wartime labour shortages, certain occupations, notably the driving and firing of steam trains, remained stolidly men’s work and would do so until the late twentieth century. By scrutinising the construction of gendered occupational culture in union journals, we can better understand the tenacity of notions of “traditional” work for men and women on the railways.

Introduction

Mahjong ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Annelise Heinz
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
The United States ◽  
Ethnic Communities ◽  
World War ◽  
The Social ◽  
Changing Roles ◽  
History Of ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
Late Twentieth Century

The Introduction provides an orientation to the book and its key questions: What did it mean to become “modern” in the early twentieth century? How did American ethnicities take shape in the years leading up to and after World War II? How did middle-class women experience and shape their changing roles in society, before the social revolutions of the late twentieth century? How are these things related? The Introduction also covers an overview of mahjong’s trajectory in the United States. It examines background related to the history of leisure, gender, and consumerism in addition to introducing key sources and methodologies. The introduction sets up the book to tell the story of mahjong’s role in the creation of identifiably ethnic communities, women’s access to respectable leisure, and how Americans used ideas of China to understand themselves.

Agency and Change: Berlioz in Britain, 1870–1920

2007 ◽  
Vol 132 (2) ◽  
pp. 306-348 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leanne Langley
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Structural Change ◽  
First World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Musical Culture ◽  
The First World War ◽  
Orchestral Works ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
First World ◽  
Late Twentieth Century

Far from being always unjustly neglected until the late twentieth century, as a recent view would have it, Berlioz's music enjoyed dedicated attention and considerable admiration a century earlier. His orchestral works, in particular, were taken up by a range of skilful players and conductors in Britain from the 1870s, yielding performances in the English regions, the London suburbs and in Scotland that impressed ordinary listeners much more than many experienced ones. I argue that structural change and professional competition within the British concert industry to 1920 assisted this remarkable reception – largely ignored in the historiography of Berlioz's reputation as well as in that of British musical culture – while imaginative musicians, astute promoters, writers and thousands of listeners continued to benefit from contact with his work. Berlioz's challenging music indeed became an agent of aesthetic change in Britain – a benchmark, and a calling-card, of modern orchestral presentation that was both standard and commonly accessible before the First World War.

Die spätmittelalterlichen eingefassten Gärten oder horti conclusi in den Niederlanden

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-44
Author(s):  
Barbara Baert
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
World Heritage ◽  
Small Community ◽  
Late Medieval ◽  
Mystical Union ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
Sleeping Beauties ◽  
Late Twentieth Century

Die eingefassten Gärten oder horti conclusi der Augustiner-Schwestern von Mechelen in Belgien stammen aus dem frühen 16. Jahrhundert und bilden einen außergewöhnlichen Teil des spätmittelalterlichen Kulturerbes. Aufgrund von mangelndem Verständnis und Interesse sind die meisten eingefassten Gärten verloren gegangen. Nicht weniger als sieben dieser Gärten sind allerdings bis in das späte 20. Jahrhundert in ihrem ursprünglichen Kontext erhalten geblieben: Der kleinen Gemeinschaft der Augustiner-Schwestern in Mechelen. Gleich ›schlafenden Schönheiten‹ sind sie in den Zellen der Schwestern als Hilfestellung bei der Andacht verborgen geblieben. In meinem Beitrag stelle ich diese Gärten vor als eine Symbolisierung des Paradieses und der mystischen Unio, als ein Heiligtum der Verinnerlichung, als eine Sublimierung des sensorium (insbesondere des Geruchs), als Gartenbau, der im Prozess der Entstehung Sinn gewinnt und als ein Paradigma des Nests </br></br>The early sixteenth-century Enclosed Gardens or horti conclusi of the Augustinian Hospital Sisters of Mechelen, Belgium, form an exceptional part of late medieval world heritage. Most Enclosed Gardens have been lost, through the ravages of time exacerbated by lack of understanding and interest. No fewer than seven Enclosed Gardens, however, were preserved until the late twentieth century in their original context: the small community of Augustinian nuns in Mechelen. Like ›sleeping beauties‹, they remained secluded in the sisters’ rooms as aids to devotion. In this paper I discuss these gardens as a symbolisation of Paradise and the mystical union, as a sanctuary for interiorisation, as a sublimation of the sensorium (particularly smell), as horticulture that gains meaning in the making process and as a paradigm for the nest.

Introduction

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Jacob Darwin Hamblin
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Nuclear Weapons ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Atomic Energy ◽  
Historical Study ◽  
World War ◽  
Subsistence Economies ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
Second World ◽  
Late Twentieth Century

The Wretched Atom is the first historical study of efforts to promote nuclear technologies globally from the Second World War to the close of the twentieth century. It focuses on countries that seemed to live at the knife’s edge of human existence—those with subsistence economies or resource shortfalls, or where peoples routinely were threatened by famine, drought, and disease. The promise of civilian atomic energy was a formidable tool of state power in the late twentieth century because it took advantage of social aspirations, anxieties, and environmental vulnerabilities, especially in the developing world. The deployment of rhetoric to promote atomic energy was inseparable from geopolitics writ large and has rarely been entirely peaceful. Instead it has been embedded in stories of conventional warfare, racial and neocolonial divisiveness, struggles to assert control over the earth’s natural resources, and the abetting of nuclear weapons programs both old and new.

Conclusion

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maud S. Mandel
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
North Africa ◽  
Middle Eastern ◽  
World War ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
Late Twentieth Century ◽  
The Way

This concluding chapter summarizes key arguments woven throughout the text. These are that in order to understand fully the way Muslim–Jewish political conversations have evolved in France, we must begin in North Africa in the decade and a half after World War II as France first tried to hold on to and then extricate itself from the region; disagreements over Middle Eastern war and the Israeli–Palestinian struggle cannot in and of themselves explain the evolution of Muslim–Jewish political conversations in France over the last fifty years; and that binary constructions of Muslim–Jewish interaction have worked to erase the more complex social terrain in which Muslims and Jews have interacted in late twentieth-century France.

scholarly journals The Problem of Bigness: From Standard Oil to Google

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 94-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naomi R. Lamoreaux
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Market Power ◽  
Consumer Welfare ◽  
The Political ◽  
Large Firms ◽  
World War ◽  
History Of ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
Late Twentieth Century

This article sets recent expressions of alarm about the monopoly power of technology giants such as Google and Amazon in the long history of Americans’ response to big business. I argue that we cannot understand that history unless we realize that Americans have always been concerned about the political and economic dangers of bigness, not just the threat of high prices. The problem policymakers faced after the rise of Standard Oil was how to protect society against those dangers without punishing firms that grew large because they were innovative. The antitrust regime put in place in the early twentieth century managed this balancing act by focusing on large firms’ conduct toward competitors and banning practices that were anticompetitive or exclusionary. Maintaining this balance was difficult, however, and it gave way over time—first to a preoccupation with market power during the post–World War II period, and then to a fixation on consumer welfare in the late twentieth century. Refocusing policy on large firms’ conduct would do much to address current fears about bigness without penalizing firms whose market power comes from innovation.

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