Aşvan Kale: the Third Millennium Pottery

1973 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
pp. 153-158
Author(s):  
David French ◽  
Svend Helms
Keyword(s):  
Small Proportion ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Surface Treatments ◽  
Brick Wall ◽  
The Third ◽  
The North ◽  
Third Millennium ◽  
First Millennium

The pottery illustrated here is only a small proportion of the total recovered; the intention is to present a brief survey of the commoner fabrics and surface treatments.The stratigraphic connections from trench to trench were, as discovered, not entirely satisfactory. Though the lowest two of the four trenches which were dug (1969) into settlement debris on the north scarp, viz. G1d and G2b, produced no substantial structural features, the sequence of surfaces, tip lines and aggradations was reasonably clear (Fig. 1). In the trenches above G2b, i.e. G2d and G3b, stratigraphic observations were limited. No lines of aggradation could be observed, the trenches apparently being taken up by the remains or debris of a thick mud brick wall or walls. Into this mass of mud-brick were dug pits. Above both features (mud-brick and pits) began a series of structures and associated deposits, datable (after the 1972 season) to the middle or second half of the first millennium B.C.The pottery presented here comes from the lowest two trenches, G2b and G1d.

The Deity Kur(r)a in the First Millennium Sources

2009 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Lawson Younger
Keyword(s):  
The Third ◽  
Third Millennium ◽  
First Millennium ◽  
Epigraphic Evidence

AbstractRecent epigraphic evidence from Cebel İres Dağı, Çineköy and Tell Šēh Hamad have provided further important additional documentation in Phoenician for a deity Kur(r)a. This article investigates the growing attestations for this deity in the first millennium sources, both cuneiform and alphabetic. In light of the growing occurrences of b'l kr, it proposes a reassessment of the enigmatic phrase b'l krntryš in the Phoenician text from Karatepe. The article also presents the limited second millennium data and evaluates the possible connections with the third millennium Eblaite deity Kura.L'évidence épigraphique récente de Cebel İres Dağı, Çineköy et Tell Šēh Hamad a fourni encore plus de documentation importante en phénicien pour une divinité nommée Kur(r)a. Cet article étudie les attestations croissantes pour cette divinité dans les sources cunéiformes et alphabétiques du premier millénaire av. J.-C. À la lumière des occurrences croissantes de b'l kr, cette étude propose une réévaluation de l'expression énigmatique b'l krntryš dans le texte phénicienne de Karatepe. L'article présente également les données limitées du deuxième millénaire et évalue les liens possibles avec la divinité éblaïte du troisième millénaire Kura.

Prehistoric Roads and Tracks in Somerset, England: 2. Neolithic

1970 ◽  
Vol 36 ◽  
pp. 125-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
John M. Coles ◽  
F. Alan Hibbert ◽  
Colin F. Clements
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
The South ◽  
The West ◽  
The Third ◽  
The North ◽  
South West ◽  
Extensive Region ◽  
Peat Deposits ◽  
Third Millennium ◽  
South West England

The Somerset Levels are the largest area of low-lying ground in south-west England, covering an extensive region between the highlands of Exmoor, the Brendon Hills and the Quantock Hills to the west, and the Cotswold and Mendip Hills to the east (Pl. XXIII, inset). The Quantock Hills and the Mendip Hills directly border the Levels themselves, and reach heights of over 250 metres above sea level. The valley between extends to 27 metres below sea level, but is filled to approximately the height of the present sea by a blue-grey clay. The Levels are bisected by the limestone hills of the Poldens, and both parts have other smaller areas of limestone and sand projecting above the peat deposits that cap the blue-grey clay filling. In this paper we are concerned with the northern part of the Levels, an area at present drained by the River Brue.The flat, peat-covered floor of the Brue Valley is some six kilometres wide and is flanked on the north by the Wedmore Ridge, and on the south by the Polden Hills (Pl. XXIII). In the centre of the valley, surrounded by the peat, is a group of islands of higher ground, Meare, Westhay, and Burtle. These islands, which would always have provided relatively dry ground in the Levels, are linked together by Neolithic trackways of the third millennium B.C. Several of these trackways formed the basis of a paper in these Proceedings in 1968 (Coles and Hibbert, 1968), which continued the work of Godwin and others (Godwin, 1960; Dewar and Godwin, 1963).

scholarly journals Sourcing African ivory in Chalcolithic Portugal

Antiquity ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 83 (322) ◽  
pp. 983-997 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas X. Schuhmacher ◽  
João Luís Cardoso ◽  
Arun Banerjee
Keyword(s):  
Iberian Peninsula ◽  
African Elephants ◽  
Asian Elephants ◽  
North West ◽  
The Third ◽  
The North ◽  
Third Millennium ◽  
Third Millennium Bc

A recent review of all ivory from excavations in Chalcolithic and Beaker period Iberia shows a marked coastal distribution – which strongly suggests that the material is being brought in by sea. Using microscopy and spectroscopy, the authors were able to distinguish ivories from extinct Pleistocene elephants, Asian elephants and, mostly, from African elephants of the savannah type. This all speaks of a lively ocean trade in the first half of the third millennium BC, between the Iberian Peninsula and the north-west of Africa and perhaps deeper still into the continent.

scholarly journals Finnish vatsa ~ Sanskrit vatsá and the formation of Indo-Iranian and Uralic languages

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 (96) ◽  
Author(s):  
Asko Parpola
Keyword(s):  
Archaeological Record ◽  
North Caucasus ◽  
The Urals ◽  
Trade Network ◽  
The Third ◽  
Upper Volga ◽  
The North ◽  
Third Millennium ◽  
Third Millennium Bce ◽  
Divergent Development

Finnish vatsa ‘stomach’ < PFU *vaćća < Proto-Indo-Aryan *vatsá- ‘calf’ < PIE *vet-(e)s-ó- ‘yearling’ contrasts with Finnish vasa- ‘calf’ < Proto-Iranian *vasa- ‘calf’. Indo-Aryan -ts- versus Iranian -s- reflects the divergent development of PIE *-tst- in the Iranian branch (> *-st-, with Greek and Balto-Slavic) and in the Indo-Aryan branch ( > *-tt-, probably due to Uralic substratum). The split of Indo-Iranian can be traced in the archaeological record to the differentiation of the Yamnaya culture in the North Pontic and Volga steppes respectively during the third millennium BCE, due to the use of separate sources of metal: the Iranian branch was dependent on the North Caucasus, while the Indo-Aryan branch was oriented towards the Urals. It is argued that the Abashevo culture of the Mid-Volga-Kama-Belaya basins and the Sejma-Turbino trade network (2200–1900 BCE) were bilingual in Proto-Indo-Aryan and PFU, and introduced the PFU as the basis of West Uralic (Volga-Finnic) into the Netted Ware Culture of the Upper Volga-Oka (1900–200 BCE).

Animals and the Changing Landscape of Death on the Oman Peninsula in the Third Millennium BC

2019 ◽  
pp. 163-181
Author(s):  
Jill Weber ◽  
Kimberly D. Williams ◽  
Lesley A. Gregoricka
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Faunal Remains ◽  
The Third ◽  
The North ◽  
New Information ◽  
Animal Bones ◽  
Third Millennium ◽  
Third Millennium Bc ◽  
Oman Peninsula ◽  
Age And Sex

Animal bones form large components of Early Bronze Age burials in Syro-Mesopotamia, and they reflect concepts of death, vestiges of funerary ceremony, and artifacts of life. However, in the contemporary burials of third millennium BC Bronze Age cairns from the north-central Oman Peninsula, finds of faunal remains are scarce. At the Al Khubayb Necropolis, near Dhank in the Sultanate of Oman, transitional tomb forms (dated to the later Hafit and early Umm an-Nar periods) have yielded new information about rare instances of animal bones deliberately interred with human remains. Despite their scarcity, the context of these bones—particularly their associations with individuals of a certain age and sex—offers insights into a transitional mortuary landscape and its relationship with the living. The authors assess the data in relation to both regional examples of faunal inclusion elsewhere in southeastern Arabia and their significance with regard to the practice and ritual meaning of faunal interments.

Near Eastern Myths, Sumerian-Akkadian

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Cale Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Building Block ◽  
Near Eastern ◽  
The Third ◽  
Third Millennium ◽  
First Millennium ◽  
Enuma Elish

Sumerian-Akkadian mythology reaches back to the earliest lists of gods in the third millennium bce and preoccupied the Mesopotamian intellectuals for more than 2000 years. This overview describes four major moments in the earlier phases of that history, each putting in place a different type of cosmic building block: ontologies, infrastructures, genealogies, and interfaces. These four phases stretch from the first mythological narratives in the mid-third millennium down to the late second and first millennium bce, when Mesopotamian materials are reconfigured and adapted for cuneiform scribal traditions in northern Mesopotamia, Syria and the Levant. Rather than limiting ourselves to late, somewhat heterodox recompilations such as the Enuma Elish or the Baal Epic, this contribution argues that the most important and long-lived features of the mythological tradition in Mesopotamia came into existence between 2500 and 1500bce.

The Excavation of a Neolithic Oval Barrow at North Marden, West Sussex, 1982.

1986 ◽  
Vol 52 ◽  
pp. 31-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Drewett ◽  
C. Cartwright ◽  
S. Browne ◽  
K. D. Thomas ◽  
A. Thompson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
The South ◽  
The Third ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
South West ◽  
Third Millennium ◽  
Skeletal Material ◽  
Third Millennium Bc ◽  
East End ◽  
Back Filling

An extensively plough-damaged oval barrow of the third millennium bc was excavated. The entire mound had been removed by ploughing. No burials were found under the site of the mound but disarticulated human skeletal material was found in the ditches. The main flanking ditches appear to have silted in naturally with evidence of Beaker activity and Romano-British agriculture in the higher levels. Some evidence of deliberate back-filling, including the burial of carved chalk objects, was found in the ditches at the east end. A single Saxon hut was excavated in the north-east corner of the barrow and a rubbish deposit containing Middle Saxon pottery was found in the upper levels of the ditch in the south-west corner of the barrow.

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