Presidential Address: Britain and the World in the Eighteenth Century: I, Reshaping the Empire

1998 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 1-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. J. Marshall
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
National Identity ◽  
Presidential Address ◽  
The Other ◽  
British India ◽  
British Economy ◽  
Global Orientation ◽  
World Power ◽  
Die Forging ◽  
The World

By the end of the eighteenth century Britain was a world power on a scale that none of her European rivals could match. Not only did she rule a great empire, but the reach of expeditionary forces from either Britain itself or from British India stretched from the River Plate to the Moluccas in eastern Indonesia. Britain's overseas trade had developed a strongly global orientation: she was die leading distributor of tropical produce diroughout die world and in the last years of the century about four-fifths of her exports were going outside Europe. Britain was at die centre of inter-continental movements of people, not only exporting her own population but shipping almost as many Africans across the Atantic during die eighteenth century as all the other carriers put together. It is not surprising therefore that British historians have searched for the qualities that marked out eighteeth-century Britain's exceptionalism on a world stage. Notable books have stressed, not only the dynamism of die British economy, but developments such as the rise of Britain's ‘fiscal-military state’ or die forging of a sense of British national identity behind war and empire overseas.

Changing Methods and Aims in Prehistory: Presidential Address for 1935

1935 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Gordon Childe
Keyword(s):  
Natural History ◽  
Presidential Address ◽  
The Other ◽  
Dual Function ◽  
Prehistoric Archaeology ◽  
The World ◽  
The One ◽  
General Topic

This is the first Presidential Address to be delivered before our Society since it has become the Prehistoric Society without qualification. It seems therefore appropriate to choose in preference to any particular problem the general topic of the aims and methods of our science. The last ten years have witnessed an extraordinary increase in the data available to the prehistorian and a remarkable expansion in the field he must survey. For this very reason we have been led to a revaluation of the methods and concepts to be employed in the interpretation of our material. To arrange and classify data pouring in from every corner of the world parochial categories that worked well enough for local collections can no longer serve.Prehistoric archaeology has twin roots and a dual function; it tries on the one hand to prolong written history backward beyond the oldest literary records, on the other to carry natural history forward from the point where geology and palaeontology would leave it. In practice prehistoric remains were first systematically studied with a view to supplementing the information about Celts, Druids, Britons, Picts and Germans provided by ancient authors. But it was the union with geology after the acceptance of Boucher de Perthe's discoveries that made prehistory a science.

Literary Histories

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seth Lerer
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
National Identity ◽  
Literary History ◽  
English Literature ◽  
Medieval Literature ◽  
Heinrich Heine ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Literary Histories

Literary history has had a mixed history among the readers and the writers of the European traditions. For William Warburton, an eighteenth-century ecclesiast and critic, literary history was “the most agreeable subject in the world.” However, the early nineteenth-century German poet Heinrich Heine describes literary history as a “morgue where each seeks out the friend he most loved.” The complex connotation of literary history stems in part from the modern European understanding of the place of literature in the formation of national identity. This article examines how the history of medieval literature was received during the Renaissance. It first looks at the regulations of late Henrician reading, particularly the 1543 Act for the Advancement of True Religion, before focusing on Miles Hogarde and his poetry. It then discusses Richard Tottel’sMiscellanyin the context of English literature and its past, along with the poetry of love and loss that follows Tottel.

Interpreting in Tanzania from the perspective of Tanzanian interpreters

Babel ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizaveta Getta
Keyword(s):  
National Identity ◽  
Intercultural Communication ◽  
The Other ◽  
Lingua Franca ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The World ◽  
Official Languages ◽  
The One

Abstract The study overviews the role of interpreting services in Tanzania, presenting mainly the experience of practicing freelance interpreters. The two official languages of Tanzania – English and Swahili – have separate roles in the country. Although most Tanzanians accept English as a necessary medium of intercultural communication, Swahili is perceived as an important part of Tanzanian national identity. It is the country’s lingua franca. On the one hand, Tanzania aims to preserve communication in Swahili; on the other hand, there is an inevitable need for intercultural communication with the rest of the world that grows especially in the context of globalization. The paper focuses on the role, status, education, working languages, conditions of Tanzanian interpreters, and the requirements of local and international clients. The study also creates a broader context that mentions crucial historical moments that have influenced the country’s current character of intercultural communication.

Feudal Aspects of National Socialism

1960 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 921-933 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Koehl
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
National Socialism ◽  
The Other ◽  
Unexpected Result ◽  
Ideal Types ◽  
Working Models ◽  
Feudal Society ◽  
The World ◽  
New Thinking ◽  
The Subject

Attempts to establish a “morphology of civilizations” seem to continue in spite of dire warnings from scholars. Indeed, while rejecting Toynbee and Sorokin with one hand, many a scholar has beckoned with the other to adventurous young men to leave the barren tracts of specialization and re-enter the broad panoramic fields of Weltgeschichte. Current interest in “comparative feudal institutions” illustrates the case in point.The notion that “feudalism” is a “form of society,” especially a “stage in development,” can be traced back to Marxist historiography, and from there back to eighteenth century French thinkers. But instead of becoming thoroughly discredited, the notion has recently led to new thinking on the subject which may turn out to be fruitful. In Feudalism in History for example, Rushton Coulborn, has combined eight separate papers on feudalism in various parts of the world by different historians, with his own critical and synthetic studies. Though he fails to find even one “fully developed” feudal society according to his own definition—a not unexpected result—his study contains an amazing amount of suggestive analysis.His suggestions are particularly valuable in the construction of “working models” or “ideal types” as research tools. Even when we remain safely within our own “fields,” if we are to go beyond highly specialized fact-gathering and at the same time avoid “presentisi subjectivism,” we will need such tools.

Orthodoxy, rationalism and the world in eighteenth-century Holland

1973 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 173-192
Author(s):  
J. Van Den Berg
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The Other ◽  
Knowledge Of God ◽  
The Road ◽  
Age Of Reason ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The World ◽  
Revival Movements

As far as the protestant countries are concerned the eighteenth century, the ‘age of reason’, might as well be called ‘the age of revival’. On the one hand, we meet with a strong desire to escape the snares of this world by concentrating upon the mysteries of salvation: the road to sanctity is a narrow road, to be trodden in fear and trembling. On the other hand there are those for whom this world is a world full of new and unexpected possibilities, a world to be explored and to be made instrumental to the fulfilment of the divine plan with regard to the development of humanity in its secular context. Naturally, also in the eighteenth century ‘sanctity’ and ‘secularity’ were not seen as in themselves mutually exclusive concepts. While many revivalists looked forward to the enlightenment of this world by the knowledge of God, many men of the enlightenment saw before them the prospect of the sanctification of the world by the combined influences of reason and revelation. Some of the fathers of the enlightenment - notably Locke and Leibniz - were essentially committed to the cause of Christianity, while on the other hand protagonists of the pietist and revival movements such as Francke and Edwards cannot in fairness be accused of an anti-rational attitude and of a lack of interest in the well-being of this world. Nevertheless, within the circle of eighteenth-century protestant Christianity there were conspicuous differences with regard to the evaluation of and the attitude towards the world in which the Christian community, while living in the expectation of the kingdom, still had to find its way and its place.

scholarly journals ORTHODOX RELIGION IN SERBIA AND CONTEMPORARY NEO-LIBERAL ECONOMIC POLICY

2007 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-96
Author(s):  
Živojin Đurić
Keyword(s):  
Economic Policy ◽  
Political Power ◽  
The Other ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
World Power ◽  
The World ◽  
Economic Politics ◽  
Democratic Principles ◽  
Wealth Of Nations

In this article author analyzed, on one side, important theoretical determinants of basic categories by which ontological integrity of the Orthodox religion has been based and contained of, in comparison with other religions. On the other side, the author analyzed important theoretical determinants of the basic categories of ontological integrity of the Orthodox religion with basic principles and contents of neo-liberal economic politics. In the context, the Orthodox religion, not even by its one single value or principle, is not signifi cantly contrastive to authentic values of liberalism, universal humanism, development, active attitude and love toward life, and to overall progress, in material and economic sense. Thereby, it is possible to consider that individualism within the Orthodoxy is not in contrast with democratic principles of neo-liberalism (accumulation of the wealth of nations, emancipation of poverty, etc.) The Orthodox individualism is against global political power, which has been imposed by economic centers of the world power in the name of neo-liberalism.

scholarly journals Engaged, Practical Intellectualism: John Porter and ‘New Liberal’ Public Sociology

2009 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 831-868
Author(s):  
Richard Helmes-Hayes
Keyword(s):  
American Sociological Association ◽  
Presidential Address ◽  
Research Process ◽  
Public Sociology ◽  
Fundamental Question ◽  
The Other ◽  
Critical Sociology ◽  
Professional Sociology ◽  
The World ◽  
Organic Solidarity

The debate initiated by Michael Burawoy’s 2004 Presidential Address to the American Sociological Association, “For Public Sociology,” has been a ‘public good’ (2005a; see also 2004abc, 2005bcdefg, 2006, 2007abc, 2008). Burawoy provoked sociologists around the world into revisiting the fundamental question “What is the nature and purpose of the discipline?”, and the variety of responses they have crafted is remarkable. Whatever the views individual scholars might hold, the discipline as a whole is deeply, inherently, and unavoidably political. Many of his critics have commented on the fact that it incongruous for him to call for a rejuvenated, highly politicized public sociology and simultaneously claim that such an entity could realistically involve relationships of “synergy,” “reciprocal interdependence,” and “organic solidarity” with the other three types (or “faces”) of sociology, including professional sociology It is axiomatic – part of the conventional wisdom of the discipline – that professional sociologists cannot accept the politicization of the research process. In order to remain scientific, professional sociology must stand in an unalterably adversarial relationship with the value-laden radical/ critical sociology that constitutes the basis for Burawoy’s vision of a properly constituted public sociology.

scholarly journals Study of Socratic Irony and Romantic Irony in Khayyam, Abol-ala and Schopenhauer’s Quatrains

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 72
Author(s):  
Shahla Khalilollahi ◽  
Maryam Mousavi
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Literal Meaning ◽  
The Other ◽  
Human Suffering ◽  
Romantic Irony ◽  
Late Eighteenth Century ◽  
The World ◽  
Late Eighteenth ◽  
Ambivalent Attitude

In this article we are determined to review Socratic irony, romantic and ironic structures of Khayyam's quatrains and the ones attributed to him and explain the place of Khayyam as an ironist among other thinkers of the world, according to the meaning of romantic irony and Socratic irony in his quatrains. Irony is the recognition of the fact that the world itself is sick and only an ambivalent attitude can understand its paradoxical totality.  Ashleh Goal believes that irony in this sense, according to its nature, is not moderating, but it means that it is endless and self-looking like Socratic wisdom. Irony is related to an aspect of speech in which the meaning of the word is placed in contrast to the literal meaning of the word.  In fact, an individual mentions something which is not what he or she actually meant, or is not all of what he or she meant.  Examples of these meanings can be seen in Socrates' dialogues, which one type of irony is called Socratic irony and the other type is romantic irony.  This term was used in a more complicated meaning, which was our purpose in this article, by the German romantic theorists in the late eighteenth century A.D.  In romantic irony, the offended artist of the events of life portrays an excerpt from reality, from the perspective of his knowledge as Khayyam created a school and after him a number of Iran's poets continued it.  He constantly reminds the human suffering by offering images of the world inversion.

Searching for National Components in Building own Legal Culture: The Debate on the Legal Situation of Women in Interwar Poland

2019 ◽  
Vol 80 ◽  
pp. 169-180
Author(s):  
Anna Klimaszewska
Keyword(s):  
National Identity ◽  
Legal Culture ◽  
The Other ◽  
Legal Systems ◽  
Economic Relationships ◽  
Legal Situation ◽  
The World ◽  
Interwar Poland ◽  
Legislative Changes ◽  
The One

Broad legislative works conducted in interwar Poland and concerning various branches of law focused, on the one hand, on the uniformization and reform of particular district systems inherited from the annexing powers, and on the other hand on the idea of building a national codification. In that context the programme for modernisation of socio-economic relationships and the elements derived from foreign legal systems, rooted in the previous century, were balanced with the values, customs, and specific features, regarded as native and constituting components of national identity of the Poles. Against this backdrop, a debate on the legal situation of women was taking place, of key importance from the perspective of legislative changes of the late 19th and early 20th centuries in other legal systems around the world. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to analyze its course from the angle of components of Polish national identity, tradition, and legal culture, defined in broadly understood public debate.

Print culture, crime and transportation in the criminal Atlantic

2007 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
GWENDA MORGAN ◽  
PETER RUSHTON
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
National Identity ◽  
Print Culture ◽  
The Other ◽  
British Atlantic ◽  
Do So

Stories of transported criminals were exchanged in the print culture of the eighteenth-century British Atlantic, creating images of the incorrigibility of transported criminals and of the failures of transportation, with many either re-offending in America or returning to do so in England. This discourse also framed images that each side of the Atlantic had of the other. The British learnt that the plantations were a place of slavery, the Americans that the British viewed them as a ‘race of convicts’. This process, involving many layers of discourse in the criminal Atlantic, formed one of the earliest examples of international debates on crime and national identity.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document