Cerro Baúl: A Wari Center on the Tiwanaku Frontier

2001 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Ryan Williams
Keyword(s):  
Middle Horizon ◽  
Southern Peru ◽  
Moquegua Valley ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Administrative Center

Andean scholars have long debated the nature of the relationship between two Middle Horizon (ca. A. D. 750-1000) Andean states; many assumed Tiwanaku dominated Wari and preceded Wari in time. Recent research at the Wari administrative center of Cerro Baúl in the only known region occupied by both states (the Moquegua Valley of southern Peru) indicates that Tiwanaku may not predate Wari in Moquegua and that, contrary to previous assertions, both states occupied the valley for the last three centuries of the Middle Horizon. In support of this position, I review recent excavations at Cerro Baúl. Then I present eight new 14C dates and summarize the evidence for two major construction episodes at Cerro Baúl. I interpret the local Wari construction chronology based on the 12 14C dates now available from excavation contexts and I suggest that the new data, in comparison with 24 published 14C dates from other Wari centers, support a later date for Middle Horizon 1B Wari expansion than previously postulated.

Graphically Modeling the Prehistory of Regional Interactions in the Moquegua Valley, Southern Peru

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kirk E. Costion ◽  
Ulrike Matthies Green
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Landscape ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Interaction Model ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Cultural Interaction ◽  
Middle Horizon ◽  
Southern Peru ◽  
Intermediate Period ◽  
The Cross ◽  
Moquegua Valley

The Cross-Cultural Interaction Model was first developed specifically to help model the cultural interactions taking place in the Moquegua Valley of Southern Peru during the culturally dynamic early Middle Horizon. This chapter highlights the flexibility of the Cross-Cultural Interaction Model by using it to illustrate how regional interactions changed throughout the prehistoric sequence of this region. The Moquegua drainage is the easiest route from the highlands of the Southern Titicaca altiplano to the Pacific Ocean; in addition the middle Moquegua Valley is ideal for large-scale maize agriculture. As a result, regional interactions have been an integral element in this region’s cultural evolution. Starting with the Archaic Period and continuing through the Late Intermediate Period this chapter graphically explores the nature of the regional interactions that took place in each time period and how these interactions shaped the cultural landscape of the Moquegua Valley over time

Ceramic production during the Middle Horizon: Wari and Tiwanaku clay procurement in the Moquegua Valley, Peru

2009 ◽  
Vol 24 (6) ◽  
pp. 792-820 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicola Sharratt ◽  
Mark Golitko ◽  
P. Ryan Williams ◽  
Laure Dussubieux
Keyword(s):  
Ceramic Production ◽  
Middle Horizon ◽  
Moquegua Valley

Artificial Cranial Deformation at the Omo M10 Site: A Tiwanaku Complex from the Moquegua Valley, Peru

1995 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa M. Hoshower ◽  
Jane E. Buikstra ◽  
Paul S. Goldstein ◽  
Ann D. Webster
Keyword(s):  
Social Groups ◽  
Skeletal Remains ◽  
Skull Shape ◽  
Southern Peru ◽  
Site Group ◽  
Late Horizon ◽  
Competing Models ◽  
Moquegua Valley ◽  
Skeletal Collections

Artificial cranial deformation is a recognized attribute of many archaeologically recovered Andean skeletal collections. Ethnohistoric sources document the diversity of forms used to mark both vertical and horizontal status distinctions among Late Horizon peoples. Region-specific social groups were characterized by distinctive deformation styles, as were individuals of Inka heritage. Review of early Spanish accounts and consideration of various strategies commonly used in analyzing deformation forms suggest that investigators be sensitive to both final skull shape and the nature of deforming devices. This case study maintains that detailed descriptions of skull form will permit interpretations of technique and apparatus used, without the actual deforming artifacts. We examined archaeologically recovered skeletal remains from Huaracane-phase, Tiwanaku-related Chen Chen-phase (Tiwanaku V), and Tumilaca-phase cemetery components of the Omo site group, located near the present-day town of Moquegua in southern Peru. Our analysis demonstrates that the pattern of cranial deformation within the Omo M10 cemetery complex clearly emphasizes homogeneity within individual cemeteries and heterogeneity across cemeteries. We enlist current competing models for Tiwanaku hegemony to interpret this pattern.

Tiwanaku's Legacy: A Chronological Reassessment of the Terminal Middle Horizon in the Moquegua Valley, Peru

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (03) ◽  
pp. 529-549 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicola Sharratt
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Continuity ◽  
The Political ◽  
Archaeological Record ◽  
Middle Horizon ◽  
State Collapse ◽  
Radiocarbon Dates ◽  
Late Intermediate Period ◽  
Intermediate Period ◽  
Moquegua Valley

As in other examples of state collapse, political disintegration of the Tiwanaku state circa AD 1000 was accompanied by considerable cultural continuity. In the Moquegua Valley, Peru, the location of the largest Tiwanaku communities outside the altiplano, settlements and practices associated with this postcollapse cultural continuity are termed Tumilaca. Previous research indicated that Tumilaca was short-lived, with all vestiges of Tiwanaku gone from Moquegua's archaeological record by the thirteenth century when the valley was subsequently characterized by Estuquiña-style materials. This article discusses radiocarbon dates from Tumilaca la Chimba, a village established as the political authority of the Tiwanaku state waned. The 21 absolute dates from Tumilaca domestic, public, and funerary contexts span at least 350 years, from the late tenth to the mid-fourteenth centuries AD. They suggest that (1) Tiwanaku-affiliated communities endured well into the later Late Intermediate Period (AD 1200–1470); (2) ongoing debates about the emergence of Estuquiña communities must consider the role of terminal Tiwanaku populations; and (3) analyses of postcollapse continuity can be enhanced by considering peripheral locales and the particularities of continuity.

Using a Graphic Model to Explore the Range of Cross-Cultural Interaction in Ancient Borderlands

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ulrike Matthies Green ◽  
Kirk E. Costion
Keyword(s):  
Culture Contact ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Cultural Interaction ◽  
Middle Horizon ◽  
Graphic Model ◽  
Indigenous Perspectives ◽  
Moquegua Valley ◽  
Peripheral Areas

In order to illuminate the complexities of culture contact in colonial settings it is not enough to simply shift one’s research onto the periphery, instead it is imperative that these peripheral areas are also viewed as interaction zones in their own right. This chapter presents a graphic model for representing a range of cross-cultural interaction designed specifically to address archaeologists’ challenges of conceptualizing several types of cross-cultural interaction in the cultural and geographic borderlands at the frontiers of the influence sphere of expansive states or colonial powers. The model’s design allows for the numerous simultaneous levels of interaction, which reflects the intricate nature of cultural contacts, and which considers indigenous perspectives in tandem with colonial aspirations. The model’s utility is illustrated through research from the early Middle Horizon (ca. A.D. 550–800) in the Moquegua Valley, Peru, a borderland between the Wari and Tiwanaku States.

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