Green Zone

Salt Pier ◽  
2017 ◽  
pp. 18-20
Keyword(s):  
Green Zone

DENDROCHRONOLOGICAL RESEARCHES IN ARTIFICIAL PLANTINGS OF NUR-SULTAN CITY

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
A N. Kabanov ◽  
◽  
S.A. Kabanova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Sylvestris ◽  
Radial Growth ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Solar Insolation ◽  
Dendrochronological Analysis ◽  
Different Ages ◽  
Green Zone

Dendrochronological analysis was carried out in forest cultures of Pinus sylvestris of different ages growing in the green zone of Nur-Sultan city. It was found that the value of the annual radial growth is subject to a cycle with a period of 10-11 years. This is due to climatic conditions, in particular, with periods of solar insolation, which is confirmed by researches of other authors.

scholarly journals Determining sample size for progression criteria for pragmatic pilot RCTs: the hypothesis test strikes back!

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Lewis ◽  
K. Bromley ◽  
C. J. Sutton ◽  
G. McCray ◽  
H. L. Myers ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hypothesis Testing ◽  
Sample Size ◽  
Clinical Outcomes ◽  
Treatment Fidelity ◽  
Outcome Evaluation ◽  
Main Trial ◽  
Process Outcomes ◽  
Pilot Trials ◽  
Green Zone ◽  
Acceptable Outcome

Abstract Background The current CONSORT guidelines for reporting pilot trials do not recommend hypothesis testing of clinical outcomes on the basis that a pilot trial is under-powered to detect such differences and this is the aim of the main trial. It states that primary evaluation should focus on descriptive analysis of feasibility/process outcomes (e.g. recruitment, adherence, treatment fidelity). Whilst the argument for not testing clinical outcomes is justifiable, the same does not necessarily apply to feasibility/process outcomes, where differences may be large and detectable with small samples. Moreover, there remains much ambiguity around sample size for pilot trials. Methods Many pilot trials adopt a ‘traffic light’ system for evaluating progression to the main trial determined by a set of criteria set up a priori. We construct a hypothesis testing approach for binary feasibility outcomes focused around this system that tests against being in the RED zone (unacceptable outcome) based on an expectation of being in the GREEN zone (acceptable outcome) and choose the sample size to give high power to reject being in the RED zone if the GREEN zone holds true. Pilot point estimates falling in the RED zone will be statistically non-significant and in the GREEN zone will be significant; the AMBER zone designates potentially acceptable outcome and statistical tests may be significant or non-significant. Results For example, in relation to treatment fidelity, if we assume the upper boundary of the RED zone is 50% and the lower boundary of the GREEN zone is 75% (designating unacceptable and acceptable treatment fidelity, respectively), the sample size required for analysis given 90% power and one-sided 5% alpha would be around n = 34 (intervention group alone). Observed treatment fidelity in the range of 0–17 participants (0–50%) will fall into the RED zone and be statistically non-significant, 18–25 (51–74%) fall into AMBER and may or may not be significant and 26–34 (75–100%) fall into GREEN and will be significant indicating acceptable fidelity. Discussion In general, several key process outcomes are assessed for progression to a main trial; a composite approach would require appraising the rules of progression across all these outcomes. This methodology provides a formal framework for hypothesis testing and sample size indication around process outcome evaluation for pilot RCTs.

scholarly journals 755 Elective Surgery in the COVID-19 Pandemic: Outcomes of 100 Consecutive Cases

2021 ◽  
Vol 108 (Supplement_2) ◽  
Author(s):  
R Fisher ◽  
C Hadjittofi ◽  
Z Ali ◽  
P Antonas ◽  
K Parekh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pain Management ◽  
Oral Surgery ◽  
Elective Surgery ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
Single Centre ◽  
Median Length ◽  
Microsoft Excel ◽  
Single Centre Study ◽  
Green Zone

Abstract Introduction The COVID-19 pandemic halted elective surgical activity. Basildon University Hospital established an elective Green Zone for COVID-19 swab negative patients who isolated for 14 days. This study reviewed the outcomes of the first 100 patients. Method A single-centre study was performed. Demographic and perioperative electronic data were supplemented with telephone follow-up for the first 100 Green Zone patients and analysed in Microsoft Excel. Results One hundred Green Zone patients underwent surgery between 21/05/2020 and 16/06/2020. The median age was 55 (14-88) years. 52% were female. Their operations were performed by General Surgery (39%), Gynaecology (17%), Vascular Surgery (14%), Oral Surgery (12%), ENT (9%), Urology (8%), and Pain Management (1%). Preoperatively, 100% had a negative SARS-CoV-2 swab and one had CT evidence of mild resolving COVID-19. Two patients had postoperative SARS-CoV-2 swabs, both negative. Median length of stay was 0 (0-7) days. 84% responded to telephone follow-up at a median 25 (13-54) postoperative days, 69% of whom were asymptomatic There were no 30-day major complications (>Clavien-Dindo IIIa) or 90-day mortality. Conclusions Elective surgery can be safe during the COVID-19 pandemic, with appropriate measures in place. This has significant implications in the context of an ever-expanding NHS waiting list during a pandemic of uncertain duration.

APPROACHES TO ASSESSING THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF THE COMPLEX GREEN ZONE OF THE CITY

2021 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 163-168
Author(s):  
Ihor Kuzyk
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Maximum Flow ◽  
Ecological Group ◽  
Suggested Approach ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Forest Park ◽  
Green Zone ◽  
Park Area ◽  
Restricted Use ◽  
The City

In the article the system of indicators for assessing the balanced functioning of the complex green zone of the city are suggested and substantiated in accordance with the concept of sustainable development. There are distinguished three groups of criteria: ecological, social, and economical. In accordance with each group of criteria there are criteria categories suggested: bioecological, geoecological, landscape and climate-regulating - ecological group; recreational, educational-cultural, and quality of life - social group; market-based and planning - economical group. Each category corresponds to the system of indicators: 27 indicators for the ecological group criteria, 20 for social and 9 for the economical group. The suggested approach to differentiating the criteria for the assessment of the sustainable functioning of the complex green zone of the city allows to summarize and integrate the data about the green zone of the city, define its strong and weak points, and develop a plan for the management of its territories and  increase resilience to human induced pressures. The assessment of the balanced functioning of the complex green zone of Ternopil city was carried out in accordance with the functional-territorial approach. The main geospatial parameters have been defined: deficit of green planting of the forest-park area of CGZC is 614.5 ha, forestry - 2889.5 ha., the deficit of green planting of restricted use is 12 ha, green planting of special-purpose - 62.5 ha., the level of the greening of the city neighborhoods is 4.5 m2/person (at a standard of 6 m2/person). Based on the results of the functional parameters calculations it has been established that  to «provide oxygen» to the residents of Ternopil it needs to increase the area of forests in the forest-part district of CGZC by 83.5 ha to ensure the optimal indicators of recreational capacity of this area, it is essential to increase the area of parks by 90 ha and forests by 965 ha. In Ternopil, the speed of the maximum flow is 6 million m3/hour with the rainfall intensity of 55 mm/hour, while the sewerage network of the city can only handle the flow of 30 thousand m3/hour . Therefore, it could be argued that the complex green zone of Ternopil city is characterized by the imbalance of the main functional-territorial parameters and requires the implementation of the optimization measures.. Key words: sustainable development, complex green zone of the city, indicators, normative parameters, city of Ternopil.

scholarly journals Determining sample size for progression criteria for pragmatic pilot RCTs: The Hypothesis test Strikes Back!

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martyn Lewis ◽  
Kieran Bromley ◽  
Christopher J Sutton ◽  
Gareth McCray ◽  
Helen Lucy Myers ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hypothesis Testing ◽  
Sample Size ◽  
Clinical Outcomes ◽  
Treatment Fidelity ◽  
Outcome Evaluation ◽  
Main Trial ◽  
Process Outcomes ◽  
Pilot Trials ◽  
Green Zone ◽  
Acceptable Outcome

Abstract BackgroundThe current CONSORT guidelines for reporting pilot trials do not recommend hypothesis testing of clinical outcomes on the basis that a pilot trial is under-powered to detect such differences and this is the aim of the main trial. It states that primary evaluation should focus on descriptive analysis of feasibility/process outcomes (e.g. recruitment, adherence, treatment fidelity). Whilst the argument for not testing clinical outcomes is justifiable, the same does not necessarily apply to feasibility/process outcomes, where differences may be large and detectable with small samples. Moreover, there remains much ambiguity around sample size for pilot trials. MethodsMany pilot trials adopt a ‘traffic light’ system for evaluating progression to the main trial determined by a set of criteria set up a priori. We construct a hypothesis-testing approach for binary feasibility outcomes focused around this system that tests against being in the RED zone (unacceptable outcome) based on an expectation of being in the GREEN zone (acceptable outcome) and choose the sample size to give high power to reject being in the RED zone if the GREEN zone holds true. Pilot point estimates falling in the RED zone will be statistically non-significant and in the GREEN zone will be significant; the AMBER zone designates potentially acceptable outcome and statistical tests may be significant or non-significant.ResultsFor example, in relation to treatment fidelity, if we assume the upper boundary of the RED zone is 50% and the lower boundary of the GREEN zone is 75% (designating unacceptable and acceptable treatment fidelity, respectively), the sample size required for analysis given 90% power and one-sided 5% alpha would be around n=35 (intervention group alone). Observed treatment fidelity in the range of 0-17 participants (0-50%) will fall into the RED zone and be statistically non-significant; 18-26 (51-74%) fall into AMBER and may or may not be significant; 27-35 (75-100%) fall into GREEN and will be significant indicating acceptable fidelity.DiscussionIn general, several key process outcomes are assessed for progression to a main trial; a composite approach would require appraising the rules of progression across all these outcomes. This methodology provides a formal framework for hypothesis-testing and sample size indication around process outcome evaluation for pilot RCTs.

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