The Positive Economic Weapon, 1939–1945

This study examined the role of assets in economic mobility within a youth cohort (N = 4,467) between 1985 and 19 97. Increasing percentages of poor and affluent youth resided in families with no change in economic status while increasing percentages of middle-class youth resided in families experiencing downward economic mobility. The rate of economic stasis of youth living in affluent families was about three times that of those in poor families. Length of time of asset ownership influenced economic mobility beyond that of background, sociodemographic, psychological, and other cumulative correlates. In particular, IRAs and tax-deferred annuities were related to positive economic mobility. Robust indicators of positive economic mobility included being a college graduate, number of siblings in family of origin, number of years of full-time employment, number of years living in households where someone received either AFDC/TANF or SSI, and locus of control. Robust indicators of downward economic mobility included age of respondent, number of years married, and being Catholic. Finally, neither sex nor race/ethnicity increased the explanatory power of positive economic mobility beyond that of other correlates regardless of asset ownership. Discussion also includes public and private initiatives to expand IRAs into Individual Development Accounts and to encourage employers to offer (and workers to take advantage of) tax-deferred annuities, particularly for low-income workers.

Download Full-text

Ejaculate quality is influenced by boar behaviour at the time of collection

Bulletin of University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca Animal Science and Biotechnologies ◽

10.15835/buasvmcn-asb:12208 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 73 (2) ◽

pp. 240

Author(s):

Vasile Miclea ◽

Ilona Gyorgy ◽

Ileana Miclea ◽

Marius Zahan ◽

Alexandru Nagy ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Volume Concentration ◽

Economic Effect ◽

Positive Economic ◽

Young Boars ◽

Time Of Collection ◽

Sexual Reflexes

Ejaculates were collected from the same boars twice a week, in spring during two years. Most animals had very good sexual reflexes and were scored as 5. They gave ejaculates which had good volume, concentration and motility and could be processed into the largest number of insemination doses. This had an obvious positive economic effect. Age influenced ejaculate quality in young boars, with the exception of a few animals in which sexual reflexes were diminished. Nevertheless, ejaculates had the necessary characteristics and could be processed.

Download Full-text

Budgetary Discipline and Internal Devaluation – Estonian Method to Overcome the Crisis

Equilibrium ◽

10.12775/equil.2014.008 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 9-23

Author(s):

Bernadeta Baran

Keyword(s):

Exchange Rate ◽

Fiscal Policy ◽

Economic Crisis ◽

Public Spending ◽

Single Currency ◽

Positive Economic ◽

Fixed Exchange Rate ◽

Maastricht Criteria ◽

The Stability ◽

Public Debts

The purpose of this article is to outline the main reasons and effects of the Estonian adjustments in response to the global financial and economic crisis. Estonia chose significant budgetary savings, in contrast with most other countries stimulating their economies by expansionary fiscal policy and leading to fiscal imbalances and growing public debts. Estonia did not carry out a devaluation of its currency, but restored competitiveness through internal devaluation. This strategy allowed Estonia to maintain a fixed exchange rate, fulfill the Maastricht criteria and adopt the single currency. As a result, Estonia has increased the stability of its economy, restoring and enhancing confidence among investors. At the same time, the Estonian strategy confirmed the existence of non-Keynesian effects – the positive economic results of public spending reduction.

Download Full-text

Positive Economic and Diagnostic Accuracy Impacts of On-Site Evaluation of Fine Needle Aspiration Biopsies by Pathologists

Acta Cytologica ◽

10.1159/000333985 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 40 (6) ◽

pp. 1227-1230 ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

Husain A. Saleh ◽

Ghada Khatib

Keyword(s):

Diagnostic Accuracy ◽

Fine Needle Aspiration ◽

Needle Aspiration ◽

Fine Needle ◽

Positive Economic ◽

Site Evaluation

Download Full-text

An explanation of economic impact: why positive impacts can exist for smaller sports

Sport Business and Management An International Journal ◽

10.1108/sbm-07-2013-0020 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 182-204 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Nola Agha ◽

Daniel A. Rascher

Keyword(s):

Economic Impact ◽

Impact Analysis ◽

Economic Effects ◽

Content Type ◽

Sports Teams ◽

Minor League Baseball ◽

Positive Economic ◽

Economic Impact Analysis ◽

Explanatory Factors ◽

Minor League

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to understand why some sports show a positive economic impact and other sports do not, and to identify a common set of explanatory factors explaining the differences. Design/methodology/approach – This explanatory research reviews the economic impact literature to identify the underlying conditions that would theoretically allow any sport, large or small, to generate positive economic effects. Findings – Nine conditions are identified that, when present, could allow a community to experience a positive economic impact from a team or stadium. These are then used to explain the discrepancy in known empirical outcomes in major and minor league baseball (MiLB). It appears as if major league teams are more likely to violate the conditions than minor league teams. This research finds theoretical support for previous suggestions that smaller teams and events may be beneficial to local economies. In doing so, it also explains previous empirical results that found some MiLB classifications are associated with positive gains in per capita income. Practical implications – Stakeholders can use the nine conditions to understand expected economic impact of their relevant sports. This research provides a comprehensive guide to understanding when economic impact can be positive. Social implications – This research helps explain some of the existing controversy regarding economic impact analysis. Originality/value – It is the first research to help provide a pre-set of conditions that can help predict whether positive economic impact will occur for specific sports teams or stadium projects.

Download Full-text

The Economics of Hebrew Literacy in a World of Farmers

The Chosen Few ◽

10.23943/princeton/9780691144870.003.0005 ◽

2012 ◽

Author(s):

Maristella Botticini ◽

Zvi Eckstein

Keyword(s):

Economic Theory ◽

Jewish Population ◽

Religious Affiliation ◽

Subsistence Farming ◽

Economic Returns ◽

Religious Literacy ◽

Positive Economic ◽

Long Run ◽

Children's Literacy

This chapter presents an economic theory that describes the choices regarding religious affiliation and the investment in children's literacy and education in a world populated by Jewish and non-Jewish farmers. This theory yields two main implications. First, because individuals differ in religious preferences, skills, costs of education, and earnings, some Jewish farmers invest in their children's religious literacy whereas others do not. Second, Jewish farmers who find it too costly to obey the norms of Judaism, including the costly norm requiring them to send their sons to school, convert to other religions. If the economy remains mainly agrarian, literate people cannot find urban and skilled occupations in which their investment in literacy and education yields positive economic returns. As a result, the Jewish population keeps shrinking and becoming more literate. In the long run, Judaism cannot survive in a subsistence farming economy because of the process of conversions.

Download Full-text