The Economics of Hebrew Literacy in a World of Farmers

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maristella Botticini ◽  
Zvi Eckstein
Keyword(s):  
Economic Theory ◽  
Jewish Population ◽  
Religious Affiliation ◽  
Subsistence Farming ◽  
Economic Returns ◽  
Religious Literacy ◽  
Positive Economic ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Children's Literacy

This chapter presents an economic theory that describes the choices regarding religious affiliation and the investment in children's literacy and education in a world populated by Jewish and non-Jewish farmers. This theory yields two main implications. First, because individuals differ in religious preferences, skills, costs of education, and earnings, some Jewish farmers invest in their children's religious literacy whereas others do not. Second, Jewish farmers who find it too costly to obey the norms of Judaism, including the costly norm requiring them to send their sons to school, convert to other religions. If the economy remains mainly agrarian, literate people cannot find urban and skilled occupations in which their investment in literacy and education yields positive economic returns. As a result, the Jewish population keeps shrinking and becoming more literate. In the long run, Judaism cannot survive in a subsistence farming economy because of the process of conversions.

scholarly journals Too Good to Be True: The Positive Economic Theory of Law

1987 ◽  
Vol 87 (7) ◽  
pp. 1447 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Balkin ◽  
William M. Landes ◽  
Richard A. Posner
Keyword(s):  
Economic Theory ◽  
Positive Economic ◽  
Theory Of Law

Demogaphic: The Jewish population of Leeds – how many Jews?

2019 ◽  
pp. 35-46
Author(s):  
Nigel Grizzard
Keyword(s):  
Jewish Population ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Religious Affiliation ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Population Estimates ◽  
Place Of Birth ◽  
Death Rates

The chapter attempts the difficult task of estimating the changing Jewish population of Leeds, without reliable census data. Before the present century, the census did not record religious affiliation. Surrogate demographic data has to be used based on place of birth; for the 1881, 1891 and 1901 census, if the place of birth was stated as Russia it has been used to form the basis of population estimates. The name COHEN is used as an additional indicator, as well as birth and death rates. The Jewish Year Book estimates are listed.

scholarly journals World Oil: Market or Mayhem?

2009 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 145-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
James L Smith
Keyword(s):  
Economic Theory ◽  
Oil Prices ◽  
Peak Oil ◽  
Oil Market ◽  
Long Run ◽  
The World

Many observers regard the world oil market as a puzzle. Why are oil prices so volatile? Why did prices spike in the summer of 2008, and what role did speculators play? How important is OPEC? Where are oil prices headed in the long run? Is “peak oil” a genuine concern? Any attempt to answer these questions must be informed and disciplined by economics. We examine the evidence on each of these issues and provide an interpretation of developments in the world oil market from the perspective of economic theory.

Do we care what others Get? A Behaviorist Approach to Targeted Promotions

2002 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 277-291 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fred M. Feinberg ◽  
Aradhna Krishna ◽  
Z. John Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Economic Theory ◽  
Stochastic Model ◽  
Optimal Policy ◽  
Optimal Strategy ◽  
Consumer Preference ◽  
Theoretic Analysis ◽  
Game Theoretic Analysis ◽  
Pricing Policies ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Game Theoretic

Increased access to individual customers and their purchase histories has led to a growth in targeted promotions, including the practice of offering different pricing policies to prospective, as opposed to current, customers. Prior research on targeted promotions has adopted a tenet of the standard economic theory of choice, whereby what a consumer chooses depends exclusively on the prices available to that consumer. In this article, the authors propose that consumer preference for firms is affected not just by prices the consumers themselves are offered but also by prices available to others. This departure from the conventional strong-rationality approach to targeted promotion results in a decidedly different optimal policy. Through a laboratory experiment, calibration of a stochastic model, and game-theoretic analysis, the authors demonstrate that ignoring behaviorist effects exaggerates the importance of targeting switchers as opposed to loyals. This occurs, though with intriguing differences, even when only part of the market is aware of firms’ differing promotional policies. The authors show that both the deal percentage and the proportion of aware consumers affect the optimal strategy of the firm. Furthermore, the authors find that offering lower prices to switchers may not be a sustainable practice in the long run, as information spreads and the proportion of aware consumers grows. The model cautions practitioners against overpromoting and/or promoting to the wrong segment and suggests avenues for improving the effectiveness of targeted promotional policies.

Markets need morality: perspectives from Islam, Christianity, and China

2019 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-86
Author(s):  
Jonathan Edward Leightner
Keyword(s):  
Economic Theory ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Social Implications ◽  
Religious Institutions ◽  
Ethical Theories ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Long Run ◽  
The World ◽  
Islam And Christianity ◽  
Practical Implications

Purpose This paper aims to argue that markets need a foundation of morality to promote the long-run success of an economy. Design/methodology/approach Three types of ethical theories are discussed and compared with what the sacred scriptures of Islam and Christianity say and with what economic theory says. Examples from China are provided. Findings Markets need morality. Research limitations/implications There are more religions in the world than just Islam and Christianity; however, space limitations force me to only consider those two religions. Furthermore, there are more countries in the world than just China. However, space limitations force me to only pull examples from China. Practical implications Economists should recognize that markets need morality, and they should start teaching that to their students. Social implications If markets are built on a foundation of ethics, then society prospers. In the absence of that foundation, societies falter. When a government, business and religious institutions see each other as complementary forces, then ethics can evolve. Originality/value The author knows of no other studies that explain the three types of ethical theories, compares those theories to what the sacred scriptures of Islam and Christianity say and to what economic theory says, and then uses examples from China to illustrate the need for morality.

A Positive Economic Theory of Regulatory Enforcement

1988 ◽  
Vol 98 (393) ◽  
pp. 1055 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Fenn ◽  
C. G. Veljanovski
Keyword(s):  
Economic Theory ◽  
Regulatory Enforcement ◽  
Positive Economic

scholarly journals Economic Theory of Criminal Law

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keith N. Hylton
Keyword(s):  
Economic Theory ◽  
Criminal Law ◽  
Modern Synthesis ◽  
Deterrence Theory ◽  
Public Enforcement ◽  
Positive Economic ◽  
Incentive Effects ◽  
Normative Economic ◽  
The Law ◽  
Substantive Law

Criminal law consists of substantive and procedural parts. Substantive law is the set of rules defining conduct that violates the law. Procedural criminal law is the set of rules regulating the process of punishment. Substantive rules apply mostly to individual actors, and procedural rules apply to public enforcement agencies and adjudicators. Economic theory of criminal law consists of normative and positive parts. Normative economic theory, which began with writings by Beccaria and Bentham, aims to recommend an ideal criminal punishment scheme. Positive economic theory, which appeared later in writings by Holmes and Posner, aims to justify and to better understand the criminal law rules that exist. Since the purpose of criminal law is to deter socially undesirable conduct, economic theory, which emphasizes incentives, would appear to be an important perspective from which to examine criminal law. Positive economic theory, applied to substantive criminal law, seeks to explain and to justify criminal law doctrine in economic terms—that is, in terms that emphasize the incentive effects created by the law. The positive economic theory of criminal law literature can be divided into three phases: Classical deterrence theory, neoclassical deterrence, and modern synthesis. The modern synthesis provides a rationale for fundamental criminal law doctrines and also more puzzling portions of the law such as the doctrines of intent and necessity. Positive economic theory also provides a rationale for the allocation of enforcement responsibilities.

scholarly journals Evaluation of agroforestry options for three tree species

1997 ◽  
pp. 187-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
B.S. Thorrold ◽  
R.L. Knowles ◽  
I.D. Nicholas ◽  
I.L. Power ◽  
J.L. Carter
Keyword(s):  
Tree Species ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Radiata Pine ◽  
Economic Returns ◽  
Hill Country ◽  
Farm Production ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Good Site ◽  
On Farm ◽  
Species Being

Information on tree growth rates, economic returns and the effects of trees on pasture for radiata pine, Australian blackwood and Eucalyptus fastigata were analysed to assess the economic returns of using these tree species within a hill country farming operation. Under the assumptions made, all three species options were more profitable in the long run than sheep and beef farming. Radiata pine produced the greatest return, large increases in log prices or yields of other tree species being required to give equal profit. The results of the analysis and market information emphasise the importance of good site selection and silviculture in the production of high quality timber. For some species these requirements may not fit on-farm production systems or be economically attractive. Keywords: Acacia melanoxylon, agroforestry, Eucalyptus fastigata, hill country farming, Pinus radiata

Do the international economic endeavors affect CO2 emissions in open economies of South Asia? An empirical examination under nonlinearity

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajesh Sharma ◽  
Pradeep Kautish ◽  
Gazi Salah Uddin
Keyword(s):  
Financial Crisis ◽  
Environmental Pollution ◽  
South Asia ◽  
Carbon Emissions ◽  
Open Economies ◽  
Pollution Level ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Positive Economic ◽  
Long Run ◽  
The Impact

Purpose The purpose of this paper to investigate whether trade liberalization and the financial crisis have contributed to altering the pollution level in selected open economies of South Asia in the long run. Design/methodology/approach The study has adopted the panel data framework where results are tested using the generalized method of moments (GMM). The data of five South Asian countries from 1980–2015 have been used for computing results. Findings Owing to the globalization endeavors, the scope of energy consumption and foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows has increased significantly. The outcomes of the study reveal that globalization has significantly intensified the level of carbon emissions in the selected countries. However, the impact of financial crisis on carbon emission is found insignificant in the long run. Therefore, the study reveals that the level of environmental pollution in South Asia economies is more sensitive to positive economic variations than negative. Originality/value Earlier studies have ignored the parallel effect of globalization and financial meltdown on carbon emissions in a country or region. Stating differently, the present study intends to capture the impact of positive (globalization) and negative (financial crisis) global economic movements on carbon emissions in the five open economies. The majority of studies in the past have focused on the relationship between positive economic endeavors and environmental pollution. Furthermore, the study recommends that while framing a trade policy, its possible impact on environmental pollution also needs to be considered.

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