Assets and Economic Mobility in a Youth Cohort, 1985–1997

2003 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard K. Caputo
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Explanatory Power ◽  
Individual Development ◽  
Economic Mobility ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Asset Ownership ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Positive Economic ◽  
Full Time Employment

This study examined the role of assets in economic mobility within a youth cohort (N = 4,467) between 1985 and 19 97. Increasing percentages of poor and affluent youth resided in families with no change in economic status while increasing percentages of middle-class youth resided in families experiencing downward economic mobility. The rate of economic stasis of youth living in affluent families was about three times that of those in poor families. Length of time of asset ownership influenced economic mobility beyond that of background, sociodemographic, psychological, and other cumulative correlates. In particular, IRAs and tax-deferred annuities were related to positive economic mobility. Robust indicators of positive economic mobility included being a college graduate, number of siblings in family of origin, number of years of full-time employment, number of years living in households where someone received either AFDC/TANF or SSI, and locus of control. Robust indicators of downward economic mobility included age of respondent, number of years married, and being Catholic. Finally, neither sex nor race/ethnicity increased the explanatory power of positive economic mobility beyond that of other correlates regardless of asset ownership. Discussion also includes public and private initiatives to expand IRAs into Individual Development Accounts and to encourage employers to offer (and workers to take advantage of) tax-deferred annuities, particularly for low-income workers.

scholarly journals Mobile Floriculture Operators in Southern Sri Lanka: Challenges and Solutions

2020 ◽  
pp. 32-39
Author(s):  
H. I. G. K. Anuruddi ◽  
D. L. C. K. Fonseka ◽  
W. W. U. I. Wickramaarachchi
Keyword(s):  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Ornamental Plants ◽  
Binary Logistic Regression ◽  
Product Diversification ◽  
Export Market ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Willingness To Adopt ◽  
Coir Dust ◽  
Full Time Employment

Floriculture is a flourishing industry in Sri Lanka with a great potential in both domestic and export market. Street and mobile flower vending is a micro enterprise which is not a negligible portion of floriculture sector in the country. Present study was conducted to investigate the constraints faced by street and mobile flower vendors and to understand their willingness to adopt those challenges. Randomly selected 40 flower vendors from Galle, Matara and Hambantota districts were interviewed using a semi structured questionnaire by visiting them at their marketing sites such as streets, week fairs and “Kaprukawaruna” exhibitions conducted by Coconut Cultivation Board, Matara. According to the findings, majority of the respondents engage in the business as a full time employment and 43.3% of the vendors sell plants grown in their own nurseries. Apart from the flowering and ornamental plants, they sell fertilizers, coir dust and coconut husk pieces and product diversification has a significant impact (p=0.016) on their monthly income. Average nursery size was found to be 500ft2 where average income was noted as 200 USD. Among the vendors 70% use their own money to refinance the business. Majority of the respondents (60%) were members of different flower grower societies. Vendors (87.5%) sell their products targeting week fairs and (62.5%) sell their products beside the streets in temporary fixed huts. Not having an authorized place to market their goods was identified as the major problem by 85% of the respondents. Majority of the vendors (62.5%) were willing to expand the business while 42.5% identified this as a profitable venture to invest. According to the binary logistic regression results, age (p=0.000), education level (p=0.001), economic status (p=0.057), nursery size (p=0.004) and credit accessibility (p=0.024) were positively related with their willingness to adopt for the challenges they face. It is concluded that following key actions must be taken to strengthen the street and mobile flower vendors for their further empowerment: Provision of proper authorized sites of operation, improve the market credit and other infrastructure facilities and more training opportunities.

scholarly journals Adolescents’ awareness and use of menu labels in eating establishments: results from a focus group study

2015 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 830-840 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra E Evans ◽  
Samantha R Weiss ◽  
Kerry J Meath ◽  
Sherman Chow ◽  
Elizabeth A Vandewater ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Food Selection ◽  
Focus Group Study ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Food Purchases ◽  
Menu Label ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Eating Out ◽  
Potential Strategy

AbstractObjectiveMenu labelling has been identified as a potential strategy to help individuals make healthier choices when eating out. Although adolescents eat out often, little research involving menu labelling has been conducted with this population. The objectives of the present study were to: (i) gather qualitative information from adolescents regarding use of menu labels when eating out; (ii) gather adolescents’ suggestions for optimal ways to design menu labels; and (iii) examine differences between adolescents living in communities of different socio-economic status.DesignQualitative. Five focus groups of five to ten participants.SettingAustin, TX, USA, 2012.SubjectsForty-one adolescents living in diverse communities recruited using a snowballing technique at public and private recreation centres (twenty-four females; twenty-two African American).ResultsParticipants reported that menu labelling, in general, does not influence food selections when eating out. Among participants living in low-income communities, food purchases were based on price, taste and familiarity. Among participants living in high-income areas, food purchases were based on quality and ability to satiate (among boys). According to participants, effective ways to present menu labels are by matching calorie levels with physical activity equivalents or through simple graphics.ConclusionsFor adolescents, providing menu labels in their current format may not be an effective strategy to increase healthy food selection. Given that the current menu label format has been set by federal policy in the USA cannot be easily changed, research to determine how this format can be best presented or enhanced so that it can have an impact on all US sub-populations is warranted.

scholarly journals Socioeconomic Position and Excessive Daytime Sleepiness

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Imene Bendaoud
Keyword(s):  
Biomedical Research ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Sleep Disturbances ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Children And Adolescent ◽  
Part Time ◽  
Full Time Employment ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Final Synthesis

Objective: (1) Describe the current literature on the relationship between EDS and SEP and (2) provide recommendations for consideration of SEP in sleep medicine and biomedical research. Methods: Databases Medline/Pubmed, Web of Science, Google scholar and Scopus were screened using PRISMA guidelines and 19 articles were included in the final synthesis. Results: All studies were cross-sectional. Among these studies, 21.05% (n = 4) are focused on children and adolescent and the lasting 88.95% (n = 15) focused on adults and old people. Age ranged between 8 and 17 years old for children/adolescent and ranged from 18 until 102 years old for adults. Main SEP measures presented in these studies were education, income, perceived socioeconomic status and employment. Sample size in these studies varied from N = 90 participants until N = 33865 participants. Overall, a lower educational level, a lower income and full-time employment were associated with EDS. EDS symptoms are prevalent in women, especially those with a low income or no job; and children and adolescents with difficult living conditions or people working part-time reported more sleep disturbances. Conclusions: SEP is already considered as an important determinant for many health outcomes, but if SEP is embedded in experimental design in psychosomatic research, biomedical research and clinical practice as a constant variable regardless of outcome; it will move forward future investigations.

Education, Gender Ideology, and Housework in the Palestinian Family in Israel: Implications of Contradictory Social Change

2020 ◽  
pp. 0192513X2093033
Author(s):  
Maha Sabbah-Karkabi
Keyword(s):  
Social Change ◽  
Financial Management ◽  
Cultural Context ◽  
Educational Achievement ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Gender Ideology ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Household Tasks ◽  
Traditional Gender Roles ◽  
Full Time Employment

This article focuses on how the socio-economic status of Palestinian women in Israel influences the housework division in a cultural context where social change, such as advancement in education occurs while traditional gender roles continue to exist. Logistic regression analysis was used including factors such as a woman’s employment status, her educational achievement, her spouse’s education, and her attitudes. The findings show that a greater sharing of household chores is positively associated with woman’s time constraints and her attitudes. Attitudes also have a significant effect on a more equal division of childcare tasks. Woman’s full-time employment and whose education is similar to her spouse’s has influence on financial management. Although the current study’s findings show that women may need to decrease their availability around the house, in order to gain a more equal sharing of household tasks, attitudes, and values, are essential to modifying the allocation of household.

Back to Work: Parental Benefits and Mothers’ Labor Market Outcomes in the Medium Run

ILR Review ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 143-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jochen Kluve ◽  
Sebastian Schmitz
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Working Hours ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Market Outcomes ◽  
Short Run ◽  
Part Time ◽  
Low Income Mothers ◽  
Full Time Employment ◽  
Parental Benefits

The authors estimate policy impacts of a generous parental benefit in Germany by using a natural experiment and German census data. They estimate policy effects for the short run (first two years after childbirth) as well as for the medium run (that is, three to five years after childbirth). Although the results confirm the evidence from previous studies for the short run, pronounced patterns emerge for the medium run. First, effects on mothers’ employment probability are positive, significant, and large, ranging up to 10%. These gains are driven primarily by increases in part-time employment and working hours but also by full-time employment for high-income mothers. Moreover, mothers return to their previous employers at significantly higher rates, and employers reward this by raising job quality. The overall positive and sizeable impacts of the reform are centered on mothers from the medium and high terciles of the income distribution; low-income mothers do not benefit.

Welfare, Work, and Family Well-Being: A Comparative Analysis of Welfare and Employment Status for Single Female-Headed Families Post-Tanf

2005 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judith Hennessy
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Work And Family ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Paid Work ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Welfare Policies ◽  
Low Income Families ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Full Time Employment

Welfare reform's emphasis on employment and declining caseloads diverts attention from the lack of success experienced by formerly welfare reliant families who participate in paid work. Using data from the 1997 and 1999 National Survey of American Families, this article investigates the effects of participation in paid work for low-income single-parent female-headed families on three important aspects of family well-being: (1) the ability to pay for rent and utilities, (2) postponing needed medical care, and (3) food hardship. Results indicate that full-time employment does not “pay off” for families who have been off welfare for two or more years when compared to families who have never relied on welfare. These findings suggest that policy makers should pay greater attention to structural conditions and expand work supports in constructing welfare policies that work for all low-income families.

Households Discrimination in School Enrolment in Pakistan: Does gender matter?

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-36
Author(s):  
Ali Muhammad ◽  
Zahoor Ul Haq ◽  
Imad Khan
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Gender Discrimination ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Gender Disparity ◽  
School Enrollment ◽  
Female Education ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Socio Economic Factors

This study uses Pakistan Social and Living Measurement Survey 2016 to study gender discrimination in school enrollment across the four provinces of Pakistan using bi-variate analysis. Results show that there is highly significant difference between male and female education in rural areas (x^2=4940.50 and p<0.05). Analysis indicate that gender disparity in enrollment is significantly higher in low income households (x^2=115.468 and P<0.05). The study also showed that as compared to male, fewer female are enrolled in both public and private sectors. Hence, socio-economic factors play important role in making decision about children enrollment in different types of school. The study recommends that government to take appropriate steps to reduce gender discrimination in school enrollment by offering subsidy on female education in the country.

scholarly journals Socio-economic constraints on camel production in Pakistan’s extensive pastoral farming

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Asim Faraz ◽  
Muhammad Younas ◽  
Carlos Iglesias Pastrana ◽  
Abdul Waheed ◽  
Nasir Ali Tauqir ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Values ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Value Chain ◽  
Community Education ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Indigenous Communities ◽  
Health Production ◽  
Sustainable Food ◽  
Study Region ◽  
Husbandry Practices

AbstractThe present research is aimed to evaluate the diverse husbandry practices, ethno-veterinary practices, socio-economic status and distressing constraints of camel pastoralists inhabiting desert (Thal) areas of Pakistan, where they maintain herds of Marecha and Barela dromedaries in extensive production regimes. For this purpose, 200 pastoralists were selected at random to fill out an on-site questionnaire. According to the farmers’ responses, it was perceived that their living status had improved in the last decades due to the progressive optimization of camel productivity and herdsmen responsiveness. In contrast, calf mortality rates, some traditional husbandry practices and the lack of market investments continued to be the major constraints affecting camel overall production. Ethno-veterinary medicines are widely applied as primary health care, thus influencing the general health, production potentials and relief of camels in the study region. With this scenario, concerned stakeholders and authorized institutions must re-evaluate the urgent needs of indigenous communities; their education and husbandry skills to promote economic/ financial support in low-income remote areas. In turn, traditional communities will be adapted to the changing socio-economic and cultural values with regard to camel husbandry and welfare. Current societal perceptions and demands within this livestock production industry, where camels are conceived as a sustainable food security animal, if accomplished to the highest possible extent, will increase effectiveness of the camel value chain and breeders’ quality of life will be noticeably enhanced. However, this success could be multiplied if government may devise community education, veterinary cover, marketing facilitates and interest-free small loans for pastoralists.

Coping experiences of graduate students on full-time employment and full-time academic programmes

2020 ◽  
Vol 39 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 605-618
Author(s):  
Samuel Amponsah ◽  
Alex Kumi-Yeboah ◽  
Stephen O. Adjapong ◽  
Chris Olusola Omorogie
Keyword(s):  
Graduate Students ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Full Time Employment

scholarly journals Drivers of Broad-Spectrum Antibiotic Overuse across Diverse Hospital Contexts—A Qualitative Study of Prescribers in the UK, Sri Lanka and South Africa

Antibiotics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 94
Author(s):  
Carolyn Tarrant ◽  
Andrew M. Colman ◽  
David R. Jenkins ◽  
Edmund Chattoe-Brown ◽  
Nelun Perera ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Antimicrobial Stewardship ◽  
Broad Spectrum ◽  
Low Income ◽  
System Level ◽  
Comparative Approach ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
The Uk

Antimicrobial stewardship programs focus on reducing overuse of broad-spectrum antibiotics (BSAs), primarily through interventions to change prescribing behavior. This study aims to identify multi-level influences on BSA overuse across diverse high and low income, and public and private, healthcare contexts. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 46 prescribers from hospitals in the UK, Sri Lanka, and South Africa, including public and private providers. Interviews explored decision making about prescribing BSAs, drivers of the use of BSAs, and benefits of BSAs to various stakeholders, and were analyzed using a constant comparative approach. Analysis identified drivers of BSA overuse at the individual, social and structural levels. Structural drivers of overuse varied significantly across contexts and included: system-level factors generating tensions with stewardship goals; limited material resources within hospitals; and patient poverty, lack of infrastructure and resources in local communities. Antimicrobial stewardship needs to encompass efforts to reduce the reliance on BSAs as a solution to context-specific structural conditions.

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