The Respiratory System: Physiology

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Yerxa ◽  
Cory J Vatsaas ◽  
Suresh Agarwal
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Respiratory System ◽  
Oxidative Metabolism ◽  
The Body ◽  
Respiratory Physiology ◽  
Critically Ill Patient ◽  
Complete Understanding ◽  
Physiologic Mechanism ◽  
Acid Base Equilibrium ◽  
System Physiology

Respiratory system uses an elegant physiologic mechanism to support the metabolic demands of the body through oxygenation and ventilation. Oxygen must be absorbed and delivered to the tissues to sustain oxidative metabolism, whereas carbon dioxide must be expelled in a delicate balance to maintain an acid-base equilibrium. Complete understanding of oxygen content, delivery, consumption, and carbon dioxide elimination is essential as a provider caring for the critically ill patient. This review contains 13 figures and 25 references. Key Words: oxygenation, respiratory system, ventilation, gas exchange, haemoglobin, respiratory physiology, respiratory anatomy, oxidative metabolism, dead space.

The Respiratory System: Physiology

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Yerxa ◽  
Cory J Vatsaas ◽  
Suresh Agarwal
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Respiratory System ◽  
Oxidative Metabolism ◽  
The Body ◽  
Respiratory Physiology ◽  
Critically Ill Patient ◽  
Complete Understanding ◽  
Physiologic Mechanism ◽  
Acid Base Equilibrium ◽  
System Physiology

Respiratory system uses an elegant physiologic mechanism to support the metabolic demands of the body through oxygenation and ventilation. Oxygen must be absorbed and delivered to the tissues to sustain oxidative metabolism, whereas carbon dioxide must be expelled in a delicate balance to maintain an acid-base equilibrium. Complete understanding of oxygen content, delivery, consumption, and carbon dioxide elimination is essential as a provider caring for the critically ill patient. This review contains 13 figures and 25 references. Key Words: oxygenation, respiratory system, ventilation, gas exchange, haemoglobin, respiratory physiology, respiratory anatomy, oxidative metabolism, dead space.

The Respiratory System: Physiology

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Yerxa ◽  
Cory J Vatsaas ◽  
Suresh Agarwal
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Respiratory System ◽  
Oxidative Metabolism ◽  
The Body ◽  
Respiratory Physiology ◽  
Critically Ill Patient ◽  
Complete Understanding ◽  
Physiologic Mechanism ◽  
Acid Base Equilibrium ◽  
System Physiology

Respiratory system uses an elegant physiologic mechanism to support the metabolic demands of the body through oxygenation and ventilation. Oxygen must be absorbed and delivered to the tissues to sustain oxidative metabolism, whereas carbon dioxide must be expelled in a delicate balance to maintain an acid-base equilibrium. Complete understanding of oxygen content, delivery, consumption, and carbon dioxide elimination is essential as a provider caring for the critically ill patient. This review contains 13 figures and 25 references. Key Words: oxygenation, respiratory system, ventilation, gas exchange, haemoglobin, respiratory physiology, respiratory anatomy, oxidative metabolism, dead space.

The Respiratory System: Physiology

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Yerxa ◽  
Cory J Vatsaas ◽  
Suresh Agarwal
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Respiratory System ◽  
Oxidative Metabolism ◽  
The Body ◽  
Respiratory Physiology ◽  
Critically Ill Patient ◽  
Complete Understanding ◽  
Physiologic Mechanism ◽  
Acid Base Equilibrium ◽  
System Physiology

Respiratory system uses an elegant physiologic mechanism to support the metabolic demands of the body through oxygenation and ventilation. Oxygen must be absorbed and delivered to the tissues to sustain oxidative metabolism, whereas carbon dioxide must be expelled in a delicate balance to maintain an acid-base equilibrium. Complete understanding of oxygen content, delivery, consumption, and carbon dioxide elimination is essential as a provider caring for the critically ill patient. This review contains 13 figures and 25 references. Key Words: oxygenation, respiratory system, ventilation, gas exchange, haemoglobin, respiratory physiology, respiratory anatomy, oxidative metabolism, dead space.

The Respiratory System: Physiologic Assessment and Real-world Application

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua Watson ◽  
Cory Vatsaas ◽  
Suresh Agarwal
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Function ◽  
Pulse Oximetry ◽  
Respiratory System ◽  
Diagnostic Testing ◽  
Pulmonary Complications ◽  
Pulmonary Function Testing ◽  
The Body ◽  
Critically Ill Patient ◽  
Acid Base Equilibrium ◽  
Function Testing

The respiratory system is an elegant physiologic mechanism that provides the most basic support of the body, oxygenation and ventilation. Oxygen must be absorbed and delivered to the tissues to continue with oxidative metabolism while the byproduct of carbon dioxide must be expelled in a delicate balance to maintain an acid/base equilibrium. Complete understanding of oxygen content, delivery, and consumption is essential as a provider caring for the critically ill patient. The respiratory system can be closely monitored through a variety of helpful adjuncts including pulse oximetry, capnometry, and pulmonary function testing. These additional data points are useful for assessing a patient’s clinical condition in conjunction with the patient’s overall pulmonary status, underlying pathology, and environmental factors. A thorough understanding of the respiratory system guided by diagnostic testing and an assessment of patient factors are helpful in mitigating risk of pulmonary complications in the perioperative environment. This review contains 2 figures, 2 tables, and 54 references. Key Words: capnometry, pulse oximetry, respiratory system, oxygenation, ventilation pulmonary, pulmonary function testing, pulmonary complications, preoperative pulmonary optimization, smoking cessation

The Respiratory System: Physiologic Assessment and Real-world Application

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua Watson ◽  
Cory Vatsaas ◽  
Suresh Agarwal
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Function ◽  
Pulse Oximetry ◽  
Respiratory System ◽  
Diagnostic Testing ◽  
Pulmonary Complications ◽  
Pulmonary Function Testing ◽  
The Body ◽  
Critically Ill Patient ◽  
Acid Base Equilibrium ◽  
Function Testing

The respiratory system is an elegant physiologic mechanism that provides the most basic support of the body, oxygenation and ventilation. Oxygen must be absorbed and delivered to the tissues to continue with oxidative metabolism while the byproduct of carbon dioxide must be expelled in a delicate balance to maintain an acid/base equilibrium. Complete understanding of oxygen content, delivery, and consumption is essential as a provider caring for the critically ill patient. The respiratory system can be closely monitored through a variety of helpful adjuncts including pulse oximetry, capnometry, and pulmonary function testing. These additional data points are useful for assessing a patient’s clinical condition in conjunction with the patient’s overall pulmonary status, underlying pathology, and environmental factors. A thorough understanding of the respiratory system guided by diagnostic testing and an assessment of patient factors are helpful in mitigating risk of pulmonary complications in the perioperative environment. This review contains 2 figures, 2 tables, and 54 references. Key Words: capnometry, pulse oximetry, respiratory system, oxygenation, ventilation pulmonary, pulmonary function testing, pulmonary complications, preoperative pulmonary optimization, smoking cessation

The Respiratory System: Physiologic Assessment and Real-world Application

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua Watson ◽  
Cory Vatsaas ◽  
Suresh Agarwal
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Function ◽  
Pulse Oximetry ◽  
Respiratory System ◽  
Diagnostic Testing ◽  
Pulmonary Complications ◽  
Pulmonary Function Testing ◽  
The Body ◽  
Critically Ill Patient ◽  
Acid Base Equilibrium ◽  
Function Testing

The respiratory system is an elegant physiologic mechanism that provides the most basic support of the body, oxygenation and ventilation. Oxygen must be absorbed and delivered to the tissues to continue with oxidative metabolism while the byproduct of carbon dioxide must be expelled in a delicate balance to maintain an acid/base equilibrium. Complete understanding of oxygen content, delivery, and consumption is essential as a provider caring for the critically ill patient. The respiratory system can be closely monitored through a variety of helpful adjuncts including pulse oximetry, capnometry, and pulmonary function testing. These additional data points are useful for assessing a patient’s clinical condition in conjunction with the patient’s overall pulmonary status, underlying pathology, and environmental factors. A thorough understanding of the respiratory system guided by diagnostic testing and an assessment of patient factors are helpful in mitigating risk of pulmonary complications in the perioperative environment. This review contains 2 figures, 2 tables, and 54 references. Key Words: capnometry, pulse oximetry, respiratory system, oxygenation, ventilation pulmonary, pulmonary function testing, pulmonary complications, preoperative pulmonary optimization, smoking cessation

The Respiratory System: Physiologic Assessment and Real-world Application

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua Watson ◽  
Cory Vatsaas ◽  
Suresh Agarwal
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Function ◽  
Pulse Oximetry ◽  
Respiratory System ◽  
Diagnostic Testing ◽  
Pulmonary Complications ◽  
Pulmonary Function Testing ◽  
The Body ◽  
Critically Ill Patient ◽  
Acid Base Equilibrium ◽  
Function Testing

The respiratory system is an elegant physiologic mechanism that provides the most basic support of the body, oxygenation and ventilation. Oxygen must be absorbed and delivered to the tissues to continue with oxidative metabolism while the byproduct of carbon dioxide must be expelled in a delicate balance to maintain an acid/base equilibrium. Complete understanding of oxygen content, delivery, and consumption is essential as a provider caring for the critically ill patient. The respiratory system can be closely monitored through a variety of helpful adjuncts including pulse oximetry, capnometry, and pulmonary function testing. These additional data points are useful for assessing a patient’s clinical condition in conjunction with the patient’s overall pulmonary status, underlying pathology, and environmental factors. A thorough understanding of the respiratory system guided by diagnostic testing and an assessment of patient factors are helpful in mitigating risk of pulmonary complications in the perioperative environment. This review contains 2 figures, 2 tables, and 54 references. Key Words: capnometry, pulse oximetry, respiratory system, oxygenation, ventilation pulmonary, pulmonary function testing, pulmonary complications, preoperative pulmonary optimization, smoking cessation

scholarly journals Evaluation of chest ultrasound integrated teaching of respiratory system physiology to medical students

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 514-517 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matteo Paganini ◽  
Michela Bondì ◽  
Alessandro Rubini
Keyword(s):  
Medical Education ◽  
Human Physiology ◽  
Medical Students ◽  
Ultrasound Imaging ◽  
Respiratory System ◽  
The Body ◽  
Respiratory Physiology ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Chest Ultrasound ◽  
System Physiology

Ultrasound imaging is a widely used diagnostic technique, whose integration in medical education is constantly growing. The aim of this study was to evaluate chest ultrasound usefulness in teaching respiratory system physiology, students’ perception of chest ultrasound integration into a traditional lecture in human physiology, and short–term concept retention. A lecture about respiratory physiology was integrated with ultrasound and delivered to third-year medical students. It included basic concepts of ultrasound imaging and the physiology of four anatomic sectors of the body of a male volunteer, shown with a portable ultrasound device (pleural sliding, diaphragmatic movement, inferior vena cava diameter variations, cardiac movements). Students’ perceptions of the integrated lecture were assessed, and attendance recorded. After 4 mo, four multiple-choice questions about respiratory physiology were administered during the normal human physiology examinations, and the results of students who attended the lesson and those of who did not were compared. One hundred thirty-four students attended the lecture. Most of them showed encouragement for the study of the subject and considered the ultrasound integrated lecture more interesting than a traditional one and pertinent to the syllabus. Exposed students achieved a better score at the examination and committed less errors than did nonexposed students. The chest ultrasound integrated lecture was appreciated by students. A possible association between the exposure to the lecture and short-term concept retention is shown by better performances of the exposed cohort at the examination. A systematic introduction of ultrasound into physiology traditional teaching will be promoted by the Ultrasound-Based Medical Education movement.

The respiratory system

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin E. Atkinson
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory System ◽  
The Body ◽  
Control Mechanisms ◽  
Gaseous Exchange ◽  
Nasal Cavities ◽  
Thin Walls ◽  
Outer Covering ◽  
Air Passage

Oxygen derived from the air is essential for providing energy to drive the metabolic processes in cells and tissues. Air is drawn into and expelled from the body through the respiratory system by the process of ventilation. Within the respiratory system, gaseous exchange takes place between air and blood in the lungs. This is respiration in its true sense; oxygen enters the blood and carbon dioxide leaves it. The activities of the respiratory system must be regulated to ensure adequate oxygen supplies and clearance of carbon dioxide to meet the functional demands of the body. The respiratory and cardiovascular systems work in concert to maintain homeostasis and share several control mechanisms. The respiratory system also provides the driving force for production of speech and modifying sounds during speech. Anatomically, the respiratory system consists of a series of air passages that terminate in the lungs where gaseous exchange takes place across the thin walls of individual alveoli within them. The air passages are supported by bone or cartilage to prevent them from collapsing when air pressure is reduced. A schematic diagram of the respiratory tract is shown in Figure 5.1. In succession, the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, and bronchial tree constitute the conducting portion of air passages and the lung alveoli form the respiratory portion where gaseous exchange takes place. Clinically, the air passages as far as the larynx are known as the upper respiratory tract (URT) and the passages below the larynx and the lungs are the lower respiratory tract (LRT). Air is drawn into the body through the nose. The nose is more than a simple air passage; it has important functions in cleaning, warming, and moistening air. Air is filtered by hairs at the entrance to the nose, warmed by heat exchange with the abundant blood vessels in the mucosa of the nasal cavities, and humidified by fluid evaporating from mucus secreted by the lining mucosa. Figure 5.2A shows how bone in the lateral walls of the nasal cavities is folded to increase the surface area available and thus increase their efficiency of heating and humidification. The mucosa lining the respiratory portion has an outer covering known as respiratory epithelium although its full description, pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells, is more informative.

The Respiratory System

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zerlina Wong ◽  
Michael Nurok
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Respiratory System ◽  
Airway Resistance ◽  
Respiratory Mechanics ◽  
Hypoxic Pulmonary Vasoconstriction ◽  
Lung Compliance ◽  
The Body ◽  
Elastic Recoil ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Transport ◽  
Pulmonary Vasoconstriction

The pulmonary system is crucial for survival. Managing respiratory mechanics and airway requires a sophisticated understanding of pulmonary physiology. This chapter discusses the ways in which oxygen is brought into the body and carbon dioxide is expelled and reviews the principles of respiratory mechanics, including lung compliance, airway resistance, chemoreceptor and mechanoreceptor control of ventilation, hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction, distribution of perfusion, and other properties that affect oxygen and carbon dioxide transport. The respiratory system exists in a state of equilibrium, where the inward elastic recoil of the lungs is balanced with the outward elastic recoil of the chest wall. Airway resistance and compliance are important factors that affect ventilation and air movement. This chapter reviews the role that chemoreceptors and mechanoreceptors have on controlling ventilation, as well as the effects that hypercarbia and hypoxemia have on pulmonary and cerebral circulation, and the Bohr and Haldane effects that elucidate understanding of the hemoglobin dissociation curve. These principles all inform the care of patients who require mechanical ventilation, as we endeavor to support them through their surgery or intensive care stay. This review contains 7 figures and 38 references. Key Words: apneic oxygenation, Bohr effect, chemoreceptors, compliance, Haldane effect, hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction, resistance, respiratory mechanics, ventilation-perfusion

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