Disorders of Water and Sodium Balance: Hyponatremia

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danilea M. Carmona Matos ◽  
Herbert Chen
Keyword(s):  
Antidiuretic Hormone ◽  
Sodium Transport ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Electrolyte Imbalance ◽  
Renal Physiology ◽  
Sodium Balance ◽  
Electrolyte Balance ◽  
Clear Understanding ◽  
Drug Induced ◽  
Clinical Scenarios

Disorders of water and sodium balance are common in clinical practice. To better assess them, we must have a clear understanding of water-electrolyte homeostasis and renal function. The following review goes over practical equations necessary for electrolyte balance analysis as well as the foundations of renal physiology. Emphasis is placed on the understanding of sodium transport and its physiologic and pharmacologic regulation. In addition, we explore the most common electrolyte imbalance affecting up to 28% of hospitalized patients: hyponatremia (ie, low sodium concentration). Hyponatremia has been found in several acute and chronic clinical scenarios including postoperative, drug-induced, and exercise-associated hyponatremia. However, it is not uncommon to find this disorder coexisting with other diseases such as syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (SIADH), acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), cancer, and in rare cases, hypothyroidism. To better understand this disorder, the etiology, diagnosis with clinical manifestations and laboratory values, and treatment options are explored. This review contains 9 figures, 6 tables, and 52 references. Key Words: aldosterone, antidiuretic hormone, body fluids, electrolyte balance, hyponatremia, hypovolemia, osmolality, sodium transport, vasopressin

Disorders of Water and Sodium Balance: Hyponatremia

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danilea M. Carmona Matos ◽  
Herbert Chen
Keyword(s):  
Antidiuretic Hormone ◽  
Sodium Transport ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Electrolyte Imbalance ◽  
Renal Physiology ◽  
Sodium Balance ◽  
Electrolyte Balance ◽  
Clear Understanding ◽  
Drug Induced ◽  
Clinical Scenarios

Disorders of water and sodium balance are common in clinical practice. To better assess them, we must have a clear understanding of water-electrolyte homeostasis and renal function. The following review goes over practical equations necessary for electrolyte balance analysis as well as the foundations of renal physiology. Emphasis is placed on the understanding of sodium transport and its physiologic and pharmacologic regulation. In addition, we explore the most common electrolyte imbalance affecting up to 28% of hospitalized patients: hyponatremia (ie, low sodium concentration). Hyponatremia has been found in several acute and chronic clinical scenarios including postoperative, drug-induced, and exercise-associated hyponatremia. However, it is not uncommon to find this disorder coexisting with other diseases such as syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (SIADH), acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), cancer, and in rare cases, hypothyroidism. To better understand this disorder, the etiology, diagnosis with clinical manifestations and laboratory values, and treatment options are explored. This review contains 9 figures, 6 tables, and 52 references. Key Words: aldosterone, antidiuretic hormone, body fluids, electrolyte balance, hyponatremia, hypovolemia, osmolality, sodium transport, vasopressin

Disorders of Water and Sodium Balance: Hyponatremia

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danilea M. Carmona Matos ◽  
Herbert Chen
Keyword(s):  
Antidiuretic Hormone ◽  
Sodium Transport ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Electrolyte Imbalance ◽  
Renal Physiology ◽  
Sodium Balance ◽  
Electrolyte Balance ◽  
Clear Understanding ◽  
Drug Induced ◽  
Clinical Scenarios

Disorders of water and sodium balance are common in clinical practice. To better assess them, we must have a clear understanding of water-electrolyte homeostasis and renal function. The following review goes over practical equations necessary for electrolyte balance analysis as well as the foundations of renal physiology. Emphasis is placed on the understanding of sodium transport and its physiologic and pharmacologic regulation. In addition, we explore the most common electrolyte imbalance affecting up to 28% of hospitalized patients: hyponatremia (ie, low sodium concentration). Hyponatremia has been found in several acute and chronic clinical scenarios including postoperative, drug-induced, and exercise-associated hyponatremia. However, it is not uncommon to find this disorder coexisting with other diseases such as syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (SIADH), acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), cancer, and in rare cases, hypothyroidism. To better understand this disorder, the etiology, diagnosis with clinical manifestations and laboratory values, and treatment options are explored. This review contains 9 figures, 6 tables, and 52 references. Key Words: aldosterone, antidiuretic hormone, body fluids, electrolyte balance, hyponatremia, hypovolemia, osmolality, sodium transport, vasopressin

Disorders of Water and Sodium Balance: Hyponatremia

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danilea M. Carmona Matos ◽  
Herbert Chen
Keyword(s):  
Antidiuretic Hormone ◽  
Sodium Transport ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Electrolyte Imbalance ◽  
Renal Physiology ◽  
Sodium Balance ◽  
Electrolyte Balance ◽  
Clear Understanding ◽  
Drug Induced ◽  
Clinical Scenarios

Disorders of water and sodium balance are common in clinical practice. To better assess them, we must have a clear understanding of water-electrolyte homeostasis and renal function. The following review goes over practical equations necessary for electrolyte balance analysis as well as the foundations of renal physiology. Emphasis is placed on the understanding of sodium transport and its physiologic and pharmacologic regulation. In addition, we explore the most common electrolyte imbalance affecting up to 28% of hospitalized patients: hyponatremia (ie, low sodium concentration). Hyponatremia has been found in several acute and chronic clinical scenarios including postoperative, drug-induced, and exercise-associated hyponatremia. However, it is not uncommon to find this disorder coexisting with other diseases such as syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (SIADH), acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), cancer, and in rare cases, hypothyroidism. To better understand this disorder, the etiology, diagnosis with clinical manifestations and laboratory values, and treatment options are explored. This review contains 9 figures, 6 tables, and 52 references. Key Words: aldosterone, antidiuretic hormone, body fluids, electrolyte balance, hyponatremia, hypovolemia, osmolality, sodium transport, vasopressin

Disorders of Water and Sodium Balance: Hyponatremia

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danilea M. Carmona Matos ◽  
Herbert Chen
Keyword(s):  
Antidiuretic Hormone ◽  
Sodium Transport ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Electrolyte Imbalance ◽  
Renal Physiology ◽  
Sodium Balance ◽  
Electrolyte Balance ◽  
Clear Understanding ◽  
Drug Induced ◽  
Clinical Scenarios

Disorders of water and sodium balance are common in clinical practice. To better assess them, we must have a clear understanding of water-electrolyte homeostasis and renal function. The following review goes over practical equations necessary for electrolyte balance analysis as well as the foundations of renal physiology. Emphasis is placed on the understanding of sodium transport and its physiologic and pharmacologic regulation. In addition, we explore the most common electrolyte imbalance affecting up to 28% of hospitalized patients: hyponatremia (ie, low sodium concentration). Hyponatremia has been found in several acute and chronic clinical scenarios including postoperative, drug-induced, and exercise-associated hyponatremia. However, it is not uncommon to find this disorder coexisting with other diseases such as syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (SIADH), acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), cancer, and in rare cases, hypothyroidism. To better understand this disorder, the etiology, diagnosis with clinical manifestations and laboratory values, and treatment options are explored. This review contains 9 figures, 6 tables, and 52 references. Key Words: aldosterone, antidiuretic hormone, body fluids, electrolyte balance, hyponatremia, hypovolemia, osmolality, sodium transport, vasopressin

Disorders of Water and Sodium Balance: Hyponatremia

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danilea M. Carmona Matos ◽  
Herbert Chen
Keyword(s):  
Antidiuretic Hormone ◽  
Sodium Transport ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Electrolyte Imbalance ◽  
Renal Physiology ◽  
Sodium Balance ◽  
Electrolyte Balance ◽  
Clear Understanding ◽  
Drug Induced ◽  
Clinical Scenarios

Disorders of water and sodium balance are common in clinical practice. To better assess them, we must have a clear understanding of water-electrolyte homeostasis and renal function. The following review goes over practical equations necessary for electrolyte balance analysis as well as the foundations of renal physiology. Emphasis is placed on the understanding of sodium transport and its physiologic and pharmacologic regulation. In addition, we explore the most common electrolyte imbalance affecting up to 28% of hospitalized patients: hyponatremia (ie, low sodium concentration). Hyponatremia has been found in several acute and chronic clinical scenarios including postoperative, drug-induced, and exercise-associated hyponatremia. However, it is not uncommon to find this disorder coexisting with other diseases such as syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (SIADH), acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), cancer, and in rare cases, hypothyroidism. To better understand this disorder, the etiology, diagnosis with clinical manifestations and laboratory values, and treatment options are explored. This review contains 9 figures, 6 tables, and 52 references. Key Words: aldosterone, antidiuretic hormone, body fluids, electrolyte balance, hyponatremia, hypovolemia, osmolality, sodium transport, vasopressin

scholarly journals GANGGUAN KESEIMBANGAN AIR DAN NATRIUM SERTA PEMERIKSAAN OSMOLALITAS

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Glady I. Rambert
Keyword(s):  
Antidiuretic Hormone ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Freezing Point ◽  
Urine Osmolality ◽  
Body Fluids ◽  
The State ◽  
The Body ◽  
Electrolyte Imbalance ◽  
Electrolyte Balance ◽  
Freezing Point Depression

Abstract: Water distribution in each compartment of the body involves concentration of solutes in body fluids, and the amount of dissolved substance in a solvent called osmolality. Electrolyte that has the biggest contributor in determining the serum osmolality is sodium, which is osmotically active. Hipoosmolality actually describes the state of hyponatremia, and hyperosmolality describes the state of hypernatremia. Examination of plasma and urine osmolality is very helpful in the management of patients with water and electrolyte imbalance, in addition to assess the antidiuretic hormone (ADH) abnormalities. Urine osmolality is important in evaluating the ability of the kidney to concentrate the urine, in addition to monitor the fluid and electrolyte balance. There are two ways of osmolality examination: 1) indirectly, by using osmometer (osmolality measurement) with a freezing point depression method; 2) directly, by using a formula (osmolality count).Keywords: water, sodium, osmolality, freezing point depression, osmolality countAbstrak: Distribusi air pada setiap kompartemen tubuh melibatkan kadar zat terlarut di dalam cairan tubuh, dan jumlah zat terlarut dalam suatu pelarut yang disebut osmolalitas. Elektrolit pemberi kontribusi terbesar dalam menentukan besarnya osmolalitas serum ialah natrium, yang aktif secara osmotik. Keadaan hipoosmolalitas sebenarnya menggambarkan keadaan hiponatremia, sebaliknya hiperosmolalitas menggambarkan keadaan hipernatremia. Pemeriksaan osmolalitas plasma dan urin sangat membantu penatalaksanaan pasien dengan gangguan keseimbangan air dan elektrolit, selain menilai kelainan antidiuretic hormone (ADH). Osmolalitas urin penting untuk mengetahui kemampuan ginjal memekatkan urin, selain memonitor keseimbangan cairan dan elektrolit. Terdapat dua cara pemeriksaan osmolalitas yaitu: 1) secara tidak langsung menggunakan osmometer (osmolalitas ukur) dengan metode freezing point depression; 2) secara langsung dengan menggunakan rumus (osmolalitas hitung).Kata kunci: air, natrium, osmolalitas, freezing point depression, osmolalitas hitung

Drugs associated with drug-induced hyponatremia

2021 ◽  
pp. 92-99
Author(s):  
A. I. Listratov ◽  
A. G. Komarova ◽  
E. V. Aleshckovich ◽  
M. V. Velichcko ◽  
O. D. Ostroumova
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Sodium Level ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Opioid Analgesics ◽  
Electrolyte Balance ◽  
Antineoplastic Drugs ◽  
Drug Induced ◽  
Low Sodium ◽  
Significant Disturbance ◽  
Fatal Complications

Hyponatremia (HN) is a significant disturbance of the water-electrolyte balance in clinical practice. Drugs are one of the leading causes of low sodium level. Antidepressants, antiepileptic, antipsychotic, antineoplastic drugs and opioid analgesics are the most common medications that induce hyponatremia. Special attention should be paid to people with cancer, who often receive several drugs that induce HN. Risk factors for the development of drug-induced (DI) HN when taking most medications are female sex, weight loss, and old age. In persons receiving therapy with the listed drugs, it is necessary to assess the risk factors for a decrease in the sodium level, clinical manifestations from the nervous system, and to determine the sodium level in dynamics. Special care must be taken when treating elderly patients, since they have several risk factors for the development of DI HN. These measures will help prevent the development of HN and its severe and sometimes fatal complications.

scholarly journals Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone in Esophageal Cancer Patient

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Rahmawati Minhajat ◽  
Andi Fachruddin Benyamin ◽  
Andi Makbul Aman ◽  
Syakib Bakri
Keyword(s):  
Esophageal Carcinoma ◽  
Antidiuretic Hormone ◽  
Plasma Osmolality ◽  
Urine Osmolality ◽  
Esophageal Cancer Patient ◽  
Sodium Balance ◽  
Fluid Restriction ◽  
Electrolyte Balance ◽  
Common Causes ◽  
Balance Disorder

Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) is a disorder of fluid and sodium balance characterized by hypotonic hyponatremia, low plasma osmolality, and increased urine osmolality caused by excessive release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH). Malignancy is one of the most common causes of SIADH, but SIADH in esophageal carcinoma is very rarely reported. In this case report, a 74-year-old male patient of moderate differentiation of squamous cell esophageal carcinoma had a recurrent electrolyte balance disorder despite repeated corrections. The patient experienced improvement after fluid restriction and drug administration.

scholarly journals Symptomatic sinus bradycardia due to electrolyte imbalances in syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) related covid-19: a case report

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Muzakkir Amir ◽  
Andi Renata ◽  
Levina Tri Ratana
Keyword(s):  
Case Report ◽  
Antidiuretic Hormone ◽  
Broad Spectrum ◽  
Sinus Bradycardia ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Electrolyte Imbalance ◽  
Case Presentation ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Possible Cause ◽  
Atypical Manifestation

Abstract Background Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) has been declared a global pandemic since March 11th, 2020. Despite emerging reports and literature covering a broad spectrum of COVID-19 clinical manifestations, facets of COVID-19 have not been fully elucidated. To the authors’ concern, sinus bradycardia as a manifestation of COVID-19-induced syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) has never been reported before. Case presentation In this paper, we report a case of a 59-year-old male patient with confirmed COVID-19 initially presented with presyncope. Further investigations reveal sinus bradycardia related to COVID-19-induced SIADH. This case highlights the possibility of immuno-neuroendocrino-cardiovascular crosstalk resulting in an atypical manifestation of COVID-19: near syncope due to sinus bradycardia. Conclusions Another possible cause of sinus bradycardia in COVID-19 is electrolyte imbalance due to COVID-19-related SIADH.

scholarly journals Small cell carcinoma of the cervix complicated by syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion: a case report

2021 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 030006052098565
Author(s):  
Cai-Fu Zhao ◽  
Su-Fen Zhao ◽  
Ze-Qing Du
Keyword(s):  
Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Antidiuretic Hormone ◽  
Small Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Poor Prognosis ◽  
Hormone Secretion ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Small Cell ◽  
Laboratory Examination ◽  
Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone Secretion ◽  
Antidiuretic Hormone Secretion

Small cell carcinoma of the cervix is a rare malignant tumor in the clinical setting. Clinical manifestations of this tumor are mostly similar to those of normal types of cervical cancer. Small cell carcinoma of the cervix only shows symptoms of neuroendocrine tumors, such as syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH). Most of the hyponatremia caused by SIADH can be managed after removal of the cause. Hyponatremia is a predictor of poor prognosis and can be used as an indicator of partial recurrence. We report a case of small cell carcinoma of the cervix complicated by SIADH. Our patient presented with irregular vaginal bleeding after menopause. After one cycle of chemotherapy, there was trembling of the limbs, and a laboratory examination showed low Na+ and low Cl− levels. After limited water intake, intravenous hypertonic saline, and intermittent diuretic treatment, the patient’s blood Na+ levels returned to normal. After a radical operation, the above-mentioned symptoms disappeared.

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