scholarly journals GANGGUAN KESEIMBANGAN AIR DAN NATRIUM SERTA PEMERIKSAAN OSMOLALITAS

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Glady I. Rambert
Keyword(s):  
Antidiuretic Hormone ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Freezing Point ◽  
Urine Osmolality ◽  
Body Fluids ◽  
The State ◽  
The Body ◽  
Electrolyte Imbalance ◽  
Electrolyte Balance ◽  
Freezing Point Depression

Abstract: Water distribution in each compartment of the body involves concentration of solutes in body fluids, and the amount of dissolved substance in a solvent called osmolality. Electrolyte that has the biggest contributor in determining the serum osmolality is sodium, which is osmotically active. Hipoosmolality actually describes the state of hyponatremia, and hyperosmolality describes the state of hypernatremia. Examination of plasma and urine osmolality is very helpful in the management of patients with water and electrolyte imbalance, in addition to assess the antidiuretic hormone (ADH) abnormalities. Urine osmolality is important in evaluating the ability of the kidney to concentrate the urine, in addition to monitor the fluid and electrolyte balance. There are two ways of osmolality examination: 1) indirectly, by using osmometer (osmolality measurement) with a freezing point depression method; 2) directly, by using a formula (osmolality count).Keywords: water, sodium, osmolality, freezing point depression, osmolality countAbstrak: Distribusi air pada setiap kompartemen tubuh melibatkan kadar zat terlarut di dalam cairan tubuh, dan jumlah zat terlarut dalam suatu pelarut yang disebut osmolalitas. Elektrolit pemberi kontribusi terbesar dalam menentukan besarnya osmolalitas serum ialah natrium, yang aktif secara osmotik. Keadaan hipoosmolalitas sebenarnya menggambarkan keadaan hiponatremia, sebaliknya hiperosmolalitas menggambarkan keadaan hipernatremia. Pemeriksaan osmolalitas plasma dan urin sangat membantu penatalaksanaan pasien dengan gangguan keseimbangan air dan elektrolit, selain menilai kelainan antidiuretic hormone (ADH). Osmolalitas urin penting untuk mengetahui kemampuan ginjal memekatkan urin, selain memonitor keseimbangan cairan dan elektrolit. Terdapat dua cara pemeriksaan osmolalitas yaitu: 1) secara tidak langsung menggunakan osmometer (osmolalitas ukur) dengan metode freezing point depression; 2) secara langsung dengan menggunakan rumus (osmolalitas hitung).Kata kunci: air, natrium, osmolalitas, freezing point depression, osmolalitas hitung

scholarly journals Analytical validation and reference intervals for freezing point depression osmometer measurements of urine osmolality in dogs

2017 ◽  
Vol 29 (6) ◽  
pp. 791-796 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samantha Guerrero ◽  
Josep Pastor ◽  
Asta Tvarijonaviciute ◽  
José Joaquín Cerón ◽  
Graziano Balestra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Freezing Point ◽  
Urine Osmolality ◽  
Reference Intervals ◽  
Freezing Point Depression ◽  
Analytical Validation

Disorders of Water and Sodium Balance: Hyponatremia

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danilea M. Carmona Matos ◽  
Herbert Chen
Keyword(s):  
Antidiuretic Hormone ◽  
Sodium Transport ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Electrolyte Imbalance ◽  
Renal Physiology ◽  
Sodium Balance ◽  
Electrolyte Balance ◽  
Clear Understanding ◽  
Drug Induced ◽  
Clinical Scenarios

Disorders of water and sodium balance are common in clinical practice. To better assess them, we must have a clear understanding of water-electrolyte homeostasis and renal function. The following review goes over practical equations necessary for electrolyte balance analysis as well as the foundations of renal physiology. Emphasis is placed on the understanding of sodium transport and its physiologic and pharmacologic regulation. In addition, we explore the most common electrolyte imbalance affecting up to 28% of hospitalized patients: hyponatremia (ie, low sodium concentration). Hyponatremia has been found in several acute and chronic clinical scenarios including postoperative, drug-induced, and exercise-associated hyponatremia. However, it is not uncommon to find this disorder coexisting with other diseases such as syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (SIADH), acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), cancer, and in rare cases, hypothyroidism. To better understand this disorder, the etiology, diagnosis with clinical manifestations and laboratory values, and treatment options are explored. This review contains 9 figures, 6 tables, and 52 references. Key Words: aldosterone, antidiuretic hormone, body fluids, electrolyte balance, hyponatremia, hypovolemia, osmolality, sodium transport, vasopressin

Disorders of Water and Sodium Balance: Hyponatremia

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danilea M. Carmona Matos ◽  
Herbert Chen
Keyword(s):  
Antidiuretic Hormone ◽  
Sodium Transport ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Electrolyte Imbalance ◽  
Renal Physiology ◽  
Sodium Balance ◽  
Electrolyte Balance ◽  
Clear Understanding ◽  
Drug Induced ◽  
Clinical Scenarios

Disorders of water and sodium balance are common in clinical practice. To better assess them, we must have a clear understanding of water-electrolyte homeostasis and renal function. The following review goes over practical equations necessary for electrolyte balance analysis as well as the foundations of renal physiology. Emphasis is placed on the understanding of sodium transport and its physiologic and pharmacologic regulation. In addition, we explore the most common electrolyte imbalance affecting up to 28% of hospitalized patients: hyponatremia (ie, low sodium concentration). Hyponatremia has been found in several acute and chronic clinical scenarios including postoperative, drug-induced, and exercise-associated hyponatremia. However, it is not uncommon to find this disorder coexisting with other diseases such as syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (SIADH), acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), cancer, and in rare cases, hypothyroidism. To better understand this disorder, the etiology, diagnosis with clinical manifestations and laboratory values, and treatment options are explored. This review contains 9 figures, 6 tables, and 52 references. Key Words: aldosterone, antidiuretic hormone, body fluids, electrolyte balance, hyponatremia, hypovolemia, osmolality, sodium transport, vasopressin

Disorders of Water and Sodium Balance: Hyponatremia

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danilea M. Carmona Matos ◽  
Herbert Chen
Keyword(s):  
Antidiuretic Hormone ◽  
Sodium Transport ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Electrolyte Imbalance ◽  
Renal Physiology ◽  
Sodium Balance ◽  
Electrolyte Balance ◽  
Clear Understanding ◽  
Drug Induced ◽  
Clinical Scenarios

Disorders of water and sodium balance are common in clinical practice. To better assess them, we must have a clear understanding of water-electrolyte homeostasis and renal function. The following review goes over practical equations necessary for electrolyte balance analysis as well as the foundations of renal physiology. Emphasis is placed on the understanding of sodium transport and its physiologic and pharmacologic regulation. In addition, we explore the most common electrolyte imbalance affecting up to 28% of hospitalized patients: hyponatremia (ie, low sodium concentration). Hyponatremia has been found in several acute and chronic clinical scenarios including postoperative, drug-induced, and exercise-associated hyponatremia. However, it is not uncommon to find this disorder coexisting with other diseases such as syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (SIADH), acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), cancer, and in rare cases, hypothyroidism. To better understand this disorder, the etiology, diagnosis with clinical manifestations and laboratory values, and treatment options are explored. This review contains 9 figures, 6 tables, and 52 references. Key Words: aldosterone, antidiuretic hormone, body fluids, electrolyte balance, hyponatremia, hypovolemia, osmolality, sodium transport, vasopressin

287. The freezing-point of milk. I. The freezing-point and solids-not-fat content of the milk of individual cows throughout a period of lactation

1941 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 315-321 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Aschaffenburg ◽  
P. L. Temple
Keyword(s):  
Freezing Point ◽  
Extreme Case ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
The State ◽  
Freezing Point Depression ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Time Of Year

The results of regular determinations of the freezing-point and solids-not-fat content of the milk of three Shorthorn cows over a period of more than six months are reported.The known constancy of the freezing-point depression was confirmed, the Δ values deviating generally by less than 2% and, in the most extreme case, by no more than 3·5% from the mean of 0·546 ± 0·002° C. No evidence was found of any influence of the state of lactation on the freezing-point depression, but a slight but definite decrease persisting for some weeks occurred at the time of year at which ample supplies of spring pasture became available to the animals.

BACK TO BASICS

1996 ◽  
Vol 17 (11) ◽  
pp. 395-403
Author(s):  
Nicholas Jospe ◽  
Gilbert Forbes
Keyword(s):  
Total Body Water ◽  
Extracellular Fluid ◽  
Body Fluids ◽  
Body Water ◽  
The Body ◽  
Electrolyte Balance ◽  
Electrolyte Disorders ◽  
Core Concepts ◽  
Body Fluid Volume ◽  
Total Body

Changes in volume and composition of body fluids due to disorders of fluid and electrolyte balance cause various common clinical illnesses. The rationale for reviewing the diagnosis and management of fluid and electrolyte disorders was eloquently denoted by Dr Altemeier, when he suggested that this knowledge belongs among the core concepts needed by the "keepers of the gates," that is, primary care pediatricians.1 In the body, homeostasis is maintained by the coordinated action of behavioral, hormonal, renal, and vascular adaptations to volume and osmotic changes. These core issues have been outlined in a previous article in this journal by Dr Hellerstein, and the current article proceeds from that discussion.2 Following introductory comments about body fluid volume and composition, we provide an overview of some of the etiologies of the disorders of volume, tonicity, and composition of body fluids and of the therapy to correct these disorders. Sodium, Osmolality, and the Volume of Body Fluids Total body water, which is 55% to 72% of body mass, varies with sex, age, and fat content and is distributed between the intracellular and extracellular spaces. The extracellular fluid (ECF), which comprises about one third of total body water, includes the intravascular plasma fluid and the extravascular interstitial fluid.

The rectal complex of the mealworm Tenebrio molitor , L. (Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae)

1964 ◽  
Vol 248 (748) ◽  
pp. 279-314 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Potassium Chloride ◽  
Freezing Point ◽  
Physiological Mechanism ◽  
Body Cavity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Malpighian Tubules ◽  
Freezing Point Depression ◽  
Faecal Pellets ◽  
Perinephric Space

The rectal complex of the mealworm is an example of the ‘cryptonephric’ condition, wherein the distal ends of the Malpighian tubules are closely applied to the rectum and enclosed with it in a special chamber, the perinephric space, which is separated from the rest of the body cavity by the perinephric membrane. Wigglesworth has suggested that this arrangement serves to assist in the removal of water from the faeces by the rectal epithelium, but its physiological mechanism has remained virtually unexplored. In the present work the ability of the rectal complex to remove water from the faeces has been quantified and it is shown that the faecal pellets are in equilibrium with an atmosphere of 90 % relative humidity (average) and sometimes of as low as 75 % relative humidity. The concentration of the perinephric fluid is greater than that of the haemolymph (first observed by Saini); when the insect is deprived of water the freezing-point depression of the perinephric fluid may reach 8 °C at the posterior end of the rectal complex, and is mainly due to some nonelectrolyte. The freezing-point depression of the tubular fluid from the perirectal tubules is always very close to that of the perinephric fluid and can be almost completely accounted for as potassium chloride which may reach a concentration of over 2 m . The perinephric membrane is relatively impermeable to water. Water injected into the rectal lumen is quickly absorbed into the perinephric space and eliminated via the tubules. It is suggested that the physiological mechanism of the rectal complex is as follows. In water-deprivation the concentration of the haemolymph rises and this activates the rectal complex. Activation involves the secretion of potassium chloride from the haemolymph into the perirectal tubules (either directly or indirectly) whereby water is passively drawn into the tubules from the perinephric fluid. The concentration of the perinephric fluid is thereby increased and the work required to be done by the rectal epithelium in removing water from the faeces is decreased.

An Automated Osmometer

1968 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald T Forman ◽  
George C Changus
Keyword(s):  
Linear Response ◽  
Freezing Point ◽  
Urine Osmolality ◽  
Null Point ◽  
Freezing Point Depression ◽  
Direct Reading ◽  
Thermistor Bridge ◽  
Final Data ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Point Detector

Abstract A freezing-point apparatus, which measures osmotic pressure by determining freezing-point depression, was modified by incorporating a slowly rotating circular tray with space for 30 sample vials, and a sample pick-up device. The instrument is designed to automatically pick up a cuvet containing a 2-ml. specimen of serum, urine, spinal fluid, or any biologic fluid, and to cool, supercool, freeze, and record the osmolality of each sample. The pick-up device, consisting of a thermistor bridge null-point detector unit and 2 stirrers in an adapter unit, is automatically rinsed and dried after each determination. A sample reject system is incorporated in the event samples freeze improperly. A direct reading recorder is attached to the osmometer and gives a linear response in milliosmols per kilogram. The average time for individual sampling and recording of final data is 4 min. Thirty samples can be set up and run automatically with minimum direct supervision in 2 hr. The reproducibility of this instrument showed an error not greater than ± 4 mosm./kg. The results of normal and abnormal physiologic osmolalities are reported and the effect of protein and carbohydrate on urine osmolality and specific gravity is examined.

Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone Secretion in a Cat

2010 ◽  
Vol 46 (6) ◽  
pp. 425-432 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristin Cameron ◽  
Alexander Gallagher
Keyword(s):  
Antidiuretic Hormone ◽  
Hormone Secretion ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Urine Osmolality ◽  
Electrolyte Imbalance ◽  
Fluid Restriction ◽  
Severe Hyponatremia ◽  
Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone Secretion ◽  
Antidiuretic Hormone Secretion ◽  
Serum And Urine

A 3-year-old, spayed female, domestic shorthaired cat was presented for evaluation of liver disease. Following anesthesia, laparoscopy, and medical therapy, the cat developed severe hyponatremia that was unresponsive to fluid therapy. Further evaluation of serum and urine osmolality determined that the cat fulfilled the criteria for syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion. Treatment with fluid restriction resulted in resolution of the hyponatremia and clinical signs associated with the electrolyte imbalance.

Disorders of Water and Sodium Balance: Hyponatremia

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danilea M. Carmona Matos ◽  
Herbert Chen
Keyword(s):  
Antidiuretic Hormone ◽  
Sodium Transport ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Electrolyte Imbalance ◽  
Renal Physiology ◽  
Sodium Balance ◽  
Electrolyte Balance ◽  
Clear Understanding ◽  
Drug Induced ◽  
Clinical Scenarios

Disorders of water and sodium balance are common in clinical practice. To better assess them, we must have a clear understanding of water-electrolyte homeostasis and renal function. The following review goes over practical equations necessary for electrolyte balance analysis as well as the foundations of renal physiology. Emphasis is placed on the understanding of sodium transport and its physiologic and pharmacologic regulation. In addition, we explore the most common electrolyte imbalance affecting up to 28% of hospitalized patients: hyponatremia (ie, low sodium concentration). Hyponatremia has been found in several acute and chronic clinical scenarios including postoperative, drug-induced, and exercise-associated hyponatremia. However, it is not uncommon to find this disorder coexisting with other diseases such as syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (SIADH), acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), cancer, and in rare cases, hypothyroidism. To better understand this disorder, the etiology, diagnosis with clinical manifestations and laboratory values, and treatment options are explored. This review contains 9 figures, 6 tables, and 52 references. Key Words: aldosterone, antidiuretic hormone, body fluids, electrolyte balance, hyponatremia, hypovolemia, osmolality, sodium transport, vasopressin

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